"If so, the Celtic became detached anterior _to the evolution of the declension of nouns_, whereas the Gothic, Slavonic, Classical and Iranian languages all separated _subsequent to that stage_."[21] This, along with other reasons indicated elsewhere,[22] induces the present writer to admit an affinity between the Celtic and the other so-called Indo-European tongues, but to deny that it is the same affinity which connects the Iranian, Classical, Gothic and Slavonic groups. * * * * * {97} PART II. HISTORY AND ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. -------- CHAPTER I. HISTORICAL AND LOGICAL ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. s. 149. The Celtic elements of the present English fall into five classes. 1. Those that are of late introduction, and cannot be called original and constituent parts of the language. Such are (amongst others) the words _flannel_, _crowd_ (a fiddle), from the Cambrian; and _kerne_ (an Irish foot-soldier), _galore_ (enough), _tartan_, _plaid_, &c., from the Gaelic branch. 2. Those that are common to both the Celtic and Gothic stocks, and are Indo-European rather than either Welsh, or Gaelic, or Saxon. Such (amongst others) are _brother_, _mother_, in Celtic _brathair_, _mathair_; the numerals, &c. 3. Those that have come to us from the Celtic, but have come to us through the medium of another language. Such are _druid_ and _bard_, whose _immediate_ source is, not the Celtic but, the Latin. 4. Celtic elements of the Anglo-Norman, introduced into England after the Conquest, and occurring in that language as remains of the original Celtic of Gaul. 5. Those that have been retained from the original Celtic of the island, and which form genuine constituents of our language. These fall into three subdivisions. _a._ Proper names--generally of geographical localities; as _the Thames_, _Kent_, &c. {98} _b._ Common names retained in the provincial dialects of England, but not retained in the current language; as _gwethall_=_household stuff_, and _gwlanen_=_flannel_ in Herefordshire. _c._ Common names retained in the current language.--The following list is Mr. Garnett's:-- _Welsh_. _English_.