Discharged Prisoners' Aid Societies, early history, 165 " " " " under Act of 1877, 167 " " " " Conference of 1878, 169 " " " " and co-ordination of effort, 15 " " " " scheme of 1896, 171 " " " " " 1913, 175 " " " " Central Committee of, 178 (See also "Borstal Association" and "Central Association") Dover Harbour, last Public Works, 13 Drunkenness, Habitual, (See also 'Alcoholism' and 'Inebriety'), 154 " " statistics of, 115, 225 Du Cane, Sir E., 71, 73, 75 Earnings of prisoners, 138 Economy in administration, 73 Education in prisons, 6, 121 Elementary Education (Defective & Epileptic Children) Acts 1899 & 1914, 105, 106 Elmira State Reformatory, 91 Employment of prisoners (See 'Labour') Female prison population, statistics, 114, 223 " " " and recidivism, 115, 122 " convicts, 47 " prisoners in Preventive Detention, 58 " " superintendence by female staff, &c., 114, 122 " under the Borstal System, 118 Fines, committals in default of payment, 20, 224 " release on part-payment, 79, 82 " 'supervision' until payment, 82 First Division prisoners, 71, 78 Gibraltar Prison, 27 Gloucester Refuge for discharged prisoners, 166 Goring, Dr. Chas. "A Criminological Inquiry", 198 Grant-Wison, Sir W., 92, 174 Gratuities, prisoners'--early convict system, 27 " high rate of, condemned, 31 " maximum earnable reduced to £3, 36 " English & continental systems, 165 " abolition of in Local Prisons, 175 " retained for certain classes, 180 Habitual Criminals Act, 1869, 36 Habitual Inebriates (see 'Inebriety') Habitual Offenders Division, proposed, 39, 50 Hard Labour, definition of phrase, 60, 66, 134 " and Committee of 1863, 67 " and the cellular system, 66 " provisions of Act of 1865, 68,134 " " " 1877, 70 " present methods of enforcing, 77 " and the Act of 1914, 83 Heredity and environment, 209 Holloway Prison, 114 Hospital Staff of Prisons, 197 Howard, John, 23, 60, 62 Hulks, The, 26 Indeterminate sentence, the, 55 Individualization of prisoners, 75, 93 Industrial labour in Prisons, 136 " prosperity and criminal statistics, 160 Inebriety, Committee of 1872, 154 " Act of 1879, 155 " Home Office Inquiry, 1892, 155 " Act of 1898, 155, 157 " Types of inmates in Certified Reformatories, 156 " Infrequent use of Act of 1898, 158 " Committee of 1908, 158, 162 " Mental state of inmates, 161