'In _Arcenefelde_ the king has 100 men less 4, who with their men have 73 teams, and give of custom 41 sextars of honey and 20s. instead of the sheep which they used to give, and 10s. for _fumagium_; nor do they give _geld_ or other custom, except that they march in the king's army if it is so ordered to them. If a _liber homo_ dies there, the king has his horse, with arms. From a _villanus_ when he dies the king has one ox. King Grifin and Blein devastated this land in the time of King Edward, and so what it was then is not known.' _Lagademar_ pertained to Arcenefelde in the time of King Edward, &c. There is a manor [at Arcenefelde] in which 4 _liberi homines_ with 4 teams render 4 sextars of honey and 16d. of custom. Also a villa with its men and 6 teams, and a forest, rendering a half sextar of honey and 6d. There are other instances of similar honey rents, _e.g._-- In _Chipeete_ 57 men with xix. teams render xv. sextars of honey and x. shillings. In _Cape_ v. Welshmen having v. teams render v. sextars of honey, and v. sheep with lambs, and xd. In _Mainaure_ one under-tenant having iv. teams renders vi. sextars of honey and x.s. In _Penebecdoc_ one under-tenant having iv. teams render vi. sextars of honey and x.s. In _Hulla_ xii. villani and xii. bordarii with xi. teams render xviii. sextars of honey. «Food rents and clusters of villas under a præpositus.» The distinctive points in these descriptions of the recently Welsh districts west and north of Tidenham are obviously (1) the prevalence of produce or food rents--honey, cows, sheep, pigs, &c.--_honey_ being the most prominent item; (2) the absence of the word 'manor,' used everywhere else in the survey of Gloucestershire and Herefordshire; (3) the remarkable grouping in the district of _Gwent_ of the 'villas' _in batches of thirteen or fourteen_, each batch under a separate _præpositus_. [p186] It is clear that on the Welsh side of the Wye Welsh instead of Saxon customs prevailed, and that these were some of them.[213] So much we learn from these irregular additions of newly conquered Welsh ground to the area of the Domesday Survey. The meaning of the peculiarities thus indicated will become apparent when the Welsh system has been examined upon its own independent evidence. II. THE WELSH LAND SYSTEM IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY. There is no reason why, in trying to learn the nature of the Welsh land system, the method followed throughout, of proceeding backwards from the known to the unknown, should not be followed. «Open-field system in Wales.»