In the letters of Sidonius Apollinaris the Visigothic and Burgundian invaders are described as adapting themselves roughly and coarsely to Roman habits in many respects. He speaks of their being put into the 'villas' as 'hospites.' Indeed, it is well known that these Teutonic invaders settled as invited guests, being called _hospites_ or _gasti_;[380] that they shared the villas and lands of the Romans on the same system as that which was adopted when Roman legions--often of German soldiers--were quartered on a district, according to a well-known [p270] passage of the 'Codex Theodosianus.'[381] They took their _sortes_, or fixed proportions of houses and lands and slaves, and, sharing the lordship of these with their Roman '_consortes_,' they must have sanctioned and adapted themselves to the manorial character of the villas whose occupation they shared, ultimately becoming themselves lords of villas probably as manorial as any Roman villas could be.[382] Dr. P. Roth has shown that in Frankish districts many of the wealthy provincials remained, under Frankish rule, in unbroken possession of their former estates--their numerous 'villæ.' Amongst these the bishops and abbots were conspicuous examples. He shows that thousands of 'villæ' thus remained unchanged upon the widely extended ecclesiastical estates.[383] Gregory of Tours speaks of the restitution by King Hildebert of the 'villas' unjustly seized under the lawless regime of Hilperic.[384] He also relates how bishops and monasteries were endowed by the transfer to them of villas with the slaves and coloni upon them. «Villas given to the Church.» Under the year 582, he mentions the death of a certain _Chrodinus_, also the subject of a poem by Fortunatus, a great benefactor of the clergy, and describes him as 'founding villas, setting vineyards, building houses [_domos_], making fields [_culturas_],' and then, having invited bishops of slender means to [p271] his table, after dinner 'kindly distributing these _houses, with the cultivators and the fields, with the furniture, and male and female servants and household slaves_ [_ministris et famulis_], saying, "These are given to the Church, and whilst with these the poor will be fed, they will secure to me favour with God."'[385] Here, then, after the Frankish conquest, we have the word _villa_ still used for the typical estate; and the estate consists of the _domus_, with the vineyards and the fields, and their cultivators. Turning to the earliest monastic records we have seen that the 'villas' or 'heims' of the abbeys of Wizenburg and Lorsch were in fact manors. «Villas become villages,»