The donations to the Abbot of St. Germain-des-Prés,[386] in the neighbourhood of Paris, commenced in the year 558, and in the survey of the estates of the Abbey made in the year 820, there are described _villas_ still cultivated by _coloni_, _leti_, &c.--villas which grew into villages which now bear the names of the villas out of which they sprang:-- _Levaci Villa_, now _Levaville_ (p. 90). _Landulfi Villa_, now _Landonville_ (p. 94). _Aneis Villa_, now _Anville_. _Gaudeni Villa_, now _Grinville_ (p. 99). _Sonani Villa_, now _Senainville_ (p. 100). _Villa Alleni_, now _Allainville_ (p. 102). _Ledi Villa_, now _Laideville_ (p. 102). _Disboth Villa_, now _Bouville_ (p. 104). _Mornane Villare_, now _Mainvilliers_ (p. 112). And so on in numbers of instances. «and '_hems_' which are manor.» The chartulary of the Abbey of St. Bertin also [p272] contains instructive examples. By the earliest charter of A.D. 648 the founder of the abbey granted to the monks his villa called '_Sitdiu_,' and it included within it twelve sub-estates, one of them, the _Tattinga Villa_, which later is called in the cartulary _Tattingaheim_.[387] The chief villa with these sub-estates was granted to the abbey '_cum domibus, ædificiis, terris cultis et incultis, mansiones cum silvis pratis pascuis, aquis aquarumve decursibus, seu farinariis, mancipiis, accolabus, greges cum pastoribus_,' &c. &c., and therefore was a manor with both slaves (_mancipia_) and _coloni_, or other semi-servile tenants (_accolæ_) upon it, as indeed were the generality of villas handed over to the monasteries. There seems, therefore, to be conclusive evidence not only of a remarkable resemblance, but also in many cases of a real historical continuity between the Roman '_villa_' and the later Frankish manor. IV. THE SMALLER TENANTS ON THE AGER PUBLICUS IN ROMAN PROVINCES--THE VETERANS. «Tenants on the _Ager Publicus_.» Passing from that part of the land in Roman provinces included in the villas, or _latifundia_, of the richer Romans, and so placed under private lordship, we must now turn our attention to the wide tracts of '_Ager Publicus_,' and try to discover the position and social economy of the tenants, so to speak, on the great provincial manor of the Roman Emperor. Care must be taken to discriminate between the [p273] different classes of these tenants, some of them being of a free and some of them of a semi-servile kind. «The veterans.» First, there were the veterans of the legions, who, according to Roman custom, were settled on the public lands at the close of a war, by way of pay for their services. «Regular centuriæ.»