Putting all these things together, the analogy between the Roman 'jugation' and the later English hidage can hardly be regarded as accidental. But to return, at present, to the tribute and the service due from each _jugum_ or _caput_. «The Roman 'tributum' and the Saxon 'gafol.'» The tribute was generally paid part in money and part in produce, and was, in fact, a tax. It was a separate thing from the _tithe_ of produce, rendered as rent to the State on the tithe-lands of the _Agri decumates_ and of Sicily, though all these various annual payments in produce may have been confused together under the term _annonæ_. The _tribute_ proper survived probably, as we shall see, in the later manorial '_gafol_.' The _tithe_, or other proportion taken as rent--for the proportion was not always a tenth[431]--more nearly resembled the manorial '_gafol-yrth_.' [p295] But we are not quite ready yet to trace the actual connexion between these Roman and later manorial payments. VII. THE 'SORDIDA MUNERA' OF THE LATER EMPIRE. «The _sordida munera_.» In addition to the payments in kind or rents in produce, called _annonæ_, there were other personal services demanded from settlers in the provinces. They were called '_sordida munera_,' and strangely resembled the base services of later manorial tenants. There is a special title of the 'Codex Theodosianus' on the 'base services' exacted under Roman law;[432] so that there is evidence of the very best kind as to what they were. «Of three grades of holdings.» By an edict of A.D. 328 there was laid upon the _rectores_ of provinces the duty of fixing the burden of the services according to three grades of holdings--those of the greater, the middle, and the lowest class--as well as the obligation of seeing that the services were not exacted at unreasonable times, as during the collection of crops. Further, the rectores were also ordered to record with their own hand 'what is the service and how to be performed for every "_caput_" [or jugum], whether so many _angariæ_ or so many _operæ_, and in what way they are to be rendered for each of the three grades of holdings.'[433] [p296] Certain privileged classes were specially exempted from these 'base services,' and it happens that edicts expressly mentioning Rhætia specify from what services they shall be exempt, and so reveal in detail what the services were. The province of Rhætia lay to the south of the Roman _Limes_, and east of the 'Agri decumates' of Tacitus, whilst also extending into the Alpine valleys of the present Graubunden. The chief city in North Rhætia, of which we speak (Vindelicia), was _Augusta Vindelicorum_ (Augsburg), and Tacitus describes the German tribes of the Hermunduri, north of the _Limes_, as engaged in friendly commerce with the Romans, and as having perfectly free access not only to the city, but also to the Roman villas around it.[434] «What they were in Rhætia.»