We have seen that in this district south of the Danube, and in the _Agri decumates_ between the Danube and the Rhine, there were large numbers of German as well as Roman settlers, occupying land probably as free 'coloni' and 'læti,' paying tribute to the State, in addition to the usual tenth of the produce and personal services, according to their grades of holding. Edicts of A.D. 382 and 390[435] represent the tenants and settlers in this Roman province as liable with others to render, in addition to the tithe of the produce in corn, &c. (_annonæ_), _inter alia_, the following 'base services' (_sordida munera_), viz.:-- [p297] «Supply of bread.» (1) The '_cura pollinis conficiendi_, _excoctio panis_, and _obsequium pistrini_,' _i.e._ the preparation of flour, making of bread, and service at the bakehouse. The supply of so many loaves of bread is a very common item of the later manorial services everywhere. «Post-horse and carrying services.» (2) The _præbitio paraveredorum et parangariarum_. These also were services found surviving, in fact and in name, amongst the later manorial services. The _angariæ_[436] and the _veredi_[437] were carrying services, with waggons and oxen or with pack-horses, on the main public Roman roads. The _parangariæ_ and _paraveredi_ were _extra_ carrying services _off_ the main road. There is a special title of the Codex Theodosianus '_De Cursu Publico, Angariis et Parangariis_,'[438] in which, by various edicts, abuses are checked and the services restrained within reasonable limits, both as to the weight to be carried and the number of oxen or horses required. Carrying services also are familiar in manorial records under the name of '_averagium_.' In the Hundred Rolls and the Cartularies, and in the Domesday Survey, they occur again and again; and in the Anglo-Saxon version of the '_Rectitudines_,' in describing the services of the 'geneat' or 'villanus,' the Latin words 'equitare vel _averiare_ et summagium [p298] ducere,' are rendered 'ridan ⁊ auerian ⁊ lade lædan.' Also, in the record of the services of the Tidenham 'geneats' the words run, '_ridan, and averian, and lāde lædan, drāfe drīfan_,' &c.[439] At the same time, on the Continent the word '_angariæ_' became so general a manorial phrase as to be almost equivalent to 'villein services' of all kinds.[440] The carrying and post-horse services, more strictly included in the manorial _angariæ_ and _averagium_, extended over Britain, Gaul, and the German provinces. «Various _operæ_.» (3) The '_obsequia operarum et artificum diversorum_'--the doing all sorts of services and labour when required--like the Saxon 'boon-work,' which formed so constant a feature of manorial services in addition to the gafol and regular week-work. How could the words be better translated than in the Anglo-Saxon of the Tidenham record--'and sela ōdra [p299] þinga dón,' '_and shall do other things_,' qualified by the previous words, 'swá him man byt,' '_as he is bid_.'?[441]