Here there clearly is a villa or manor, and the tenants of this manor are _liti_, _liberti_, _coliberti_,[498] and _mancipii_ or slaves. There are charters of other estates which are just as clearly manors with servile tenements and slaves upon them. In the similar records of surrenders to the Abbey of St. Gall, as we have seen, there are also donations of little free properties in '_heims_' and '_villares_,' but by far the greater number of the earliest donations are distinctly of whole manors or parts of manors, with _coloni_ and _mancipii_ upon them. [p331] The heims of this Romano-German district were therefore distinctly manors. They were also '_marks_.' «Another instance.» In 773 Charles the Great gave to the Abbey of Lauresham the 'villa' called 'Hephenheim,' '_in pago Rinense, cum omni merito et soliditate sua cum terris domibus ædificiis accolis mancipiis vineis sylvis campis pratis, &c._'--that is, the _whole manor_--'_cum omnibus terminis et marchis suis_.' And then follow the _marchæ sive terminus silvæ_, which pertained to the same villa of Hephenheim, 'as it had always been held _sub ducibus et regibus ex tempore antiquo_.' It was then a 'villa' or manor belonging to the Royal domain, and it was then held as a benefice by a 'comes,' whose predecessor had also held it, and his father before him, of the king.[499] This is clearly a grant of a whole manor with the tenants and slaves upon it, and a manor of long standing; and the word _mark_ is simply the base Latin word for boundary, like the Saxon word 'gemære.' Further, the boundaries are given exactly as in the Saxon charters, in the form described in the writings of the Roman _Agrimensores_. In 774,[500] Charles the Great made a similar grant to the abbey in almost identical terms of the 'villa' called '_Obbenheim_,' in the district of Worms, '_cum omni merito et soliditate sua, &c., accolis, mancipiis, &c._,' just as before. This was another whole royal manor granted with its tenants and slaves to the abbey. Yet in 788[501] the holder of a vineyard ('_j petiam de vinea_') in this same Obbenheim surrenders it to the abbey. In 782[502] [p332] there is another grant. In 793[503] there is a similar grant of five vineyards, and another[504] of three vineyards; and scores of other donations of vineyards occur in the reigns of Charles and of his predecessor Pepin.[505] «The 'free coloni' were manorial tenants.» «Surrenders by 'free coloni.'»