It is obvious, then, that these surrenders or donations, which were exactly like those of _Hantscuhesheim_, were made by 'free coloni' of the manor, who in the time of Pepin, while the lordship remained in the king, as well as afterwards when the manor had been transferred to the abbey, surrendered their holdings to the abbey, thus converting them either into tenancies on the demesne land, or into servile holdings under the lordship of the abbey. They were not members of a German free village community, for they were tenants of a manor when they made their surrenders. Nor were they slaves (_mancipii_). The only other class mentioned in the charter was that of the _accolæ_, the word used for 'free coloni' in the Bavarian laws. These _accolæ_, it seems, then, were 'coloni' or free tenants upon a royal manor, part of the old _ager publicus_, now '_terra regis_.' And as such under the Frankish law it seems that they had power to transfer themselves from the lordship of the king to that of the Church. The Alamannic laws were enacted or at least confirmed after the Frankish conquest, and probably were in force over this particular district at the date of these surrenders. These laws, as we have seen, expressly forbade the _comes_ under whom they lived [p333] to prevent free tenants from making such surrenders for the good of their souls. Indeed, among the St. Gall charters there is one exactly in point. «Example.» It is dated A.D. 766,[506] and by it the sons of a person who had surrendered his land to the Abbey under these laws by this charter renewed the arrangement, 'in this wise, that so as we used to do service to the king and the comes, so we shall do service for that land to the monastery, receiving it as a benefice of the same monks _per cartulam precariam_.' This view of the case may be still further confirmed. In the Lorsch records are contained in some cases descriptions of the services of the two kinds of tenants on the manors surrendered to the Abbey. There are free tenants and servile tenants, and it is a strong confirmation of the continuity of the services from Roman to mediæval times to find some of them so closely identical with the '_sordida munera_' of the Theodosian Code and the services described in the Bavarian laws. To take an example: In _Nersten_ the services of each _mansus ingenualis_ may be thus classified:[507]-- (1) _As census_, 5 modii of barley, 1 pound of flax, at Easter 4d., 1 fowl, 10 eggs, 2 loads of wood. (2) _As work_, 4 weeks a year whenever required. (3) _As_ '_gafolyrth_,' to plough 1 acre in each of the [three] fields (_sationes_), and to gather and store it. (4) _As_ '_precariæ_,' or _sordida munera_-- 3 days' work at reaping 2 days' work at mowing. [p334] 2 days' work at binding and 2 loads of carrying. The tenant gives a _parafredum_. Attends in the host. Carts 5 loads of lime to the kiln. Carts 5 loads of wood. Goes messages 'infra regnum' whenever required.