[469] _Journal of the Palestine Exploration Society_, January 1883. 'Life, Habits, and Customs of the Fellahin of Palestine,' by the Rev. F. A. Klein. From the _Zeitschrift_ of the German Palestine Exploration Society. [470] Shortened form of _ard emiri_--land of the Emir. [471] The standard measure of land throughout the Turkish Empire is called a _deunum_, and is the area which one pair of oxen can plough in a single day; it is equal to a quarter of an acre, or a square of forty _arshuns_ (nearly 100 feet). There seems to be but one allusion to this fact in the Scriptures; it is found in 1 Sam. xiv. 14, where the exploit of Jonathan and his armour-bearer is described: twenty of the enemy are stated to have fallen within a space of '_a half-acre of land_' of '_a yoke of oxen_,' an expression better rendered 'within the space of half a _deunum_ of land.' This measure is referred to in ancient profane writers, so that no change has occurred in this respect. Van Lenner's _Bible Customs in Bible Lands_, i. 75. [472] _Early Law and Custom_, p. 332. [473] _Lex Alamannorum_ Chlotharii. 1. 'Ut si quis liber res suas vel semetipsum ad ecclesiam tradere voluerit, nullus habeat licentiam contradicere ei, non dux, non comes, nec ulla persona, sed spontanea voluntate liceat christiano homine Deo servire et de proprias res suas semetipsum redemere. . . . 2. Si quis liber, qui res suas ad ecclesiam dederit et per cartam firmitatem fecerit, sicut superius dictum est, et post hæc ad pastorem ecclesiæ ad beneficium susceperit ad victualem necessitatem conquirendam diebus vitæ suæ: et quod spondit persolvat ad ecclesiam censum de illa terra, et hoc per epistulam firmitatis fiat, ut post ejus discessum nullus de heredibus non contradicat.'--Pertz, _Legum_, t. iii. pp. 45–6. [474] _Lex Baiuwariorum._ Textus Legis primus. 1. 'Ut si quis liber persona voluerit et dederit res suas ad ecclesiam pro redemptione animæ suæ, licentiam habeat de portione sua, postquam cum filiis suis partivit. Nullus eum prohibeat, non rex, non dux, nec ulla persona habeat potestatem prohibendi ei. Et quicquid donaverit, villas, terras, mancipia, vel aliqua pecunia, omnia quæcumque donaverit pro redemptione animæ suæ, hoc per epistolam confirmet propria manu sua ipse. . . . 'Et post hæc nullam habeat potestatem nec ipse nec posteri ejus, nisi defensor ecclesiæ ipsius _beneficium_ præstare voluerit ei.'--Pertz, _Legum_, t. iii. pp. 269–70. [475] _Urkundenbuch der Abtei St. Gallen_, i. p. 22. [476] Compare with the Kentish 'yokes' and 'ioclets.' The yoke here is, however, evidently the _juger_, not the _jugum_. [477] _Urkundenbuch_, pp. 27–8. [478] _Id._ p. 33. [479] See also _id._ pp. 76 and 90. [480] Hence '_jurnal_' for _acre_. [481] _Id._ p. 41. [482] _Urkundenbuch_, p. 59. [483] _Id._ p. 60. [484] _Urkundenbuch_, p. 106. [485] "Et ad proximam curtem vestram in unaquaque zelga ebdomedarii jurnalem arare debeamus" (p. 107).