[508] _De Bello Gallico_, lib. vi. c. 21 and 22. 'Neque quisquam agri modum certum aut fines habet proprios, sed magistratus ac principes in annos singulos gentibus cognationibusque hominum, qui una coierunt, quantum eis et quo loco visum est agri attribuunt, atque anno post alio transire cogunt.' [509] _Id._ lib. vi. c. 22. [510] _De Bello Gallico_, lib. i. c. 51. [511] _Id._ lib. iv. c. 1. 'Sed privati ac separati agri apud eos nihil est, neque longius anno remanere uno in loco incolendi causa licet.' [512] _Id._ lib. i. c. 36. [513] _Id._ lib. i. c. 51. [514] 'Colunt discreti ac diversi, ut fons, ut campus, ut nemus placuit.'--_Germania_, xvi. [515] 'Vicos locant non in nostrum morem, connexis et cohærentibus ædificiis: suam quisque domum spatio circumdat, sive adversus casus ignis remedium, sive inscitia ædificandi.'--_Germania_, xvi. [516] 'Ceteris servis non in nostrum morem descriptis per familiam ministeriis utuntur. Suam quisque sedem, suos penates regit. Frumenti modum dominus aut pecoris aut vestis ut colono injungit, et servus hactenus paret: cetera domus officia uxor ac liberi exsequuntur.'--_Germania_, xxv. [517] _Id._ xiv. and xv. [518] _Germania_, xx. [519] _Germania_, xvi. [520] The Bamberg Codex has '_ab universis vicis_,' and this is followed by Waitz (_Verfassungsgeschichte_, Kiel, 1880, i. 145). The Leyden Codex has 'in vicem.' Others 'per vices,' which earlier critics considered to be an error for 'per vicos.' See Wietersheim's _Geschichte der Völkerwanderung_, with Dahn's notes, i. p. 43. Leipzig, 1880. [521] _Germania_, xxvi. [522] _Id._ xii. [523] The Welsh 'trev' and German 'dorf' probably are from the same root. [524] '"_Ager_" dictus qui a divisoribus agrorum relictus est ad pascendum communiter vicinis.' Isodorus, _De Agris_. Lachmann and Rudorff, i. p. 369. [525] _Germania_, xxviii. and xxix. [526] These tribes are mentioned by Cæsar as forming part of the army of Ariovistus. _De Bello Gallico_, lib. i. c. 51. [527] _Germania_, xxx.–xxxvii. [528] _Germania_, xxxviii.–xlv. [529] He regarded the 'Agri Decumates' as 'hardly in Germany.' [530] This result did not follow in Wales, because in Welsh local names suffixes are not usual. [531] _Gavelkind_ may be derived from _gabel_, a fork or branch, and the word is used in Ireland as well as in Kent. Irish _gabal_, _gabal-cined_ (Gavelkind). _Manners, &c. of the Ancient Irish._ O'Curry, iii. p. 581. [532] _Origins of English History_, pp. 188–9. [533] _Origins of English History_, pp. 197–98. [534] Arnold's _Ansiedelungen_, p. 89. [535] Palacky's _Geschichte von Böhmen_, Buch ii. c. 6, p. 169. [536] 'Ing' also meant a low meadow by a river bank, as '_Clifton Ings_,' near York, &c. Also it was sometimes used like 'ers,', as '_Ochringen_,' dwellers on the river 'Ohra.' In Denmark the individual strip in a meadow was an 'ing,' and so the whole meadow would be '_the ings_.'