The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, Volume 01 (of 11)Hobbes, Thomas
Philosophy
The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, Volume 01 (of 11)
Hobbes, Thomas
Philosophy, English -- 17th century
And these causes of names are the same with the causes of our
conceptions, namely, some power of action, or affection of the thing
conceived, which some call the manner by which any thing works upon our
senses, but by most men they are called _accidents_; I say accidents,
not in that sense in which accident is opposed to necessary; but so, as
being neither the things themselves, nor parts thereof, do nevertheless
accompany the things in such manner, that (saving extension) they may
all perish, and be destroyed, but can never be abstracted.
[Sidenote: The use and abuse of names abstract.]
4. There is also this difference betwixt _concrete_ and _abstract_
names, that those were invented before propositions, but these after;
for these could have no being till there were propositions, from whose
_copula_ they proceed. Now in all matters that concern this life, but
chiefly in philosophy, there is both great use and great abuse of
_abstract names_; and the use consists in this, that without them we
cannot, for the most part, either reason, or compute the properties of
bodies; for when we would multiply, divide, add, or substract heat,
light, or motion, if we should double or add them together by concrete
names, saying (for example) hot is double to hot, light double to light,
or moved double to moved, we should not double the properties, but the
bodies themselves that are hot, light, moved, &c. which we would not do.
But the abuse proceeds from this, that some men seeing they can
consider, that is (as I said before) bring into account the increasings
and decreasings of quantity, heat and other accidents, without
considering their bodies or subjects (which they call _abstracting_, or
making to exist apart by themselves) they speak of accidents, as if they
might be separated from all bodies. And from hence proceed the gross
errors of writers of metaphysics; for, because they can consider thought
without the consideration of body, they infer there is no need of a
thinking-body; and because quantity may be considered without
considering body, they think also that quantity may be without body, and
body without quantity; and that a body has quantity by the addition of
quantity to it. From the same fountain spring those insignificant words,
_abstract substance_, _separated essence_, and the like; as also that
confusion of words derived from the Latin verb _est_, as _essence_,
_essentiality_, _entity_, _entitative_; besides _reality_,
_aliquiddity_, _quiddity_, _&c._ which could never have been heard of
among such nations as do not copulate their names by the verb _is_, but
by adjective verbs, as runneth, readeth, &c. or by the mere placing of
one name after another; and yet seeing such nations compute and reason,
it is evident that philosophy has no need of those words _essence_,
_entity_, and other the like barbarous terms.
[Sidenote: Proposition, universal and particular.]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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