That the _hearer_ may be favourable to the _speaker_, one of two things is required: that he _love_ him, or that he _pity_ him. In _demonstrative_ orations, he that _praises_ shall have the _hearer_ favourable, if he think himself or his own manners, or course of life, or anything he loves, comprehended in the same _praise_. On the contrary, he that _dispraises_ shall be heard favourably, if the _hearer_ find his _enemies_, or _their courses_, or anything he _hates_, involved in the same _dispraise_. The _proem_ of a _deliberative_ oration is taken from the same things from which are taken the _proems_ of _judicial_ orations. For the matter of a _deliberative_ oration needeth not that natural _proem_, by which is shown what we are to speak of, for that is already known; the _proem_ in these being made only for the _speaker’s_ or _adversary’s_ sake, or to make the _matter_ appear _great_ or _little_, as one would have it; and is therefore to be taken from the _persons_ of the _plaintiff_ or _defendant_, or from the _hearer_, or from the _matter_, as in orations _judicial_. ========== CHAPTER XIV. PLACES OF CRIMINATION AND PURGATION. One, from the _removal of ill opinion_ in the hearer, imprinted in him by the adversary or otherwise. Another from this: that the thing done is _not hurtful_, or _not to him_, or _not so much_, or _not unjust_, or _not great_, or _not dishonourable_. A third from the _recompense_: as, _I did him harm, but withal I did him honour_. A fourth from the _excuse_; as, _It was error_, _mischance_, or _constraint_. A fifth from the _intention_; as, _One thing was done, another meant_. A sixth from the _comprehension_ of the accuser; as, _What I have done, the accuser has done the same_, or _his father_, _kinsman_, or _friend_. A seventh from the _comprehension_ of those that are in reputation; as, _What I did, such and such have done the same, who nevertheless are good men_. An eighth from _comparison_ with such as have been falsely accused or wrongfully suspected, and nevertheless found upright. A ninth from _recrimination_; as, _The accuser is a man of ill life, and therefore not to be believed_. A tenth from that the _judgment_ belongs to another place, or time; as, _I have already answered_, or _am to answer elsewhere to this matter_. An eleventh from _crimination_ of the crimination: as, _It serves only to pervert judgment_. A twelfth, which is common both to crimination and purgation, and is taken from _some sign_; as, _Teucer is not to be believed, because his mother was Priam’s sister_. On the other side, _Teucer is to be believed, because his father was Priam’s enemy_.