Erotic literature -- History and criticism; Psychoanalysis and literature; Sex in literature
The key to these deductions is furnished by a section of the
twenty-third book, of about fifty lines, of which John Addington
Symonds says, "There is surely nothing more thrilling in its pathos
throughout the whole range of poetry." Achilles sees Patroclus in his
dreams, who recalls to him their youthful days and asks to be buried
with him and foretells Achilles's own death. The warrior promises
to grant his friend's requests and pleads: "But stand nearer to me,
that embracing each other for a little while, we may indulge in sad
lamentation." Achilles tried in vain to touch him, and told his
comrades afterwards: "All night the spirit of poor Patroclus stood by
me, groaning and lamenting, and enjoined to me each particular and
was wonderfully like unto himself." All this has too authentic and
personal a touch for any one not to feel that Homer was reporting a
dream of his own and was attributing it to Achilles. The poet had also
spent restless nights and saw his dead friend before him "wonderfully
like unto himself"; the dream was very vivid to him, and more so if as
tradition reports he was blind.
No indeed, Homer was no mere spectator reciting Achilles's troubles in
an objective manner. He had a great sorrow of his own and he did not
go out of the way to counterfeit one. He sang his own loss; he told
his own dream; Achilles was the medium through which he told the world
of his own troubles. Patroclus's prophecy that Achilles would die soon
shows that Homer after his loss had wished he too would die, and Homer
must have dreamt that his own end would come soon, in accordance with
the principle that we often dream as happening or about to happen what
we wish to take place. He saw his friend in his dream just as we all do
because we wish our friends to be still with us. This dream then is the
clue to the tragedy of Homer's life.
So Homer had loved a friend and suffered. Like Patroclus, he hoped his
friend wanted to be buried with him; at least Homer wanted to have
his own bones repose near those of his friend. What the nature of
the friendship was we cannot say; it may have been homosexual, a love
which was common among the later Greeks. But it did have the element of
passion. We know now the chief event of Homer's life. What the details
were we cannot say. It is rather unsafe to guess. But there are a few
facts that appear, whose import is significant. Achilles, we recall,
resolved to fight the Trojans again only because they killed Patroclus.
He was now ready to forget Agamemnon's wrong to him in depriving him
of his captive woman. He knew that by his new resolve he would lose
his life. He was willing to die for his friend. Homer's love for his
friend was also so great that he too would no doubt have given up his
life for him. This I believe establishes the passionate element in the
friendship of both warrior and poet.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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