Among the many valuable manuscripts in the Escorial collection are the Gospels, illuminated in gold on vellum. The Missal is bound in red leather and wood, with silver clasps. Bound up with these manuscripts are the ‘Epistles of San Geronimo,’ which are still in splendid preservation. Philip II. and many other collectors presented several breviaries and illuminated manuscripts to the Library. The relics are mostly well preserved, and in some cases the bindings are remarkably new in appearance. Some of the manuscripts are in Persian, others are in the Chinese and Arabic languages. Several of the Latin manuscripts are exceedingly interesting, and date from A.D. 976 and the eleventh century. The Bibles, which number nineteen, are of the fourteenth century, and beautifully bound in parchment. One of the choicest treasures of the Library is the Apocalypse of St. John, richly illustrated. The Greek manuscripts contain several works of the early Fathers, which have never been printed. Another valuable object is the ancient copy of the Koran, most exquisitely written and ornamented. The great ‘Chronicle’ of Alfonso is to be seen here, as well as the king’s treatises on ‘Hunting,’ ‘Chess,’ and ‘Draughts,’ which contain illustrations and diagrams. A number of old Castilian Bibles, dating from the early part of the fifteenth century, are of especial interest. ‘The Census of Spain,’ contributed by Philip II., is also preserved in sundry volumes. Among the sketches are works by El Mudo, Tibaldi, and Urbini. A large number of fine engravings and drawings by Michael Angelo, Titian, Raphael, and Albert Dürer form part of the collection of prints in the Library. The Reading-Room contains over fifty pictures, mostly portraits of little value in the artistic sense. An inkstand which belonged to Father Sigüenza is shown here. The most notable treasure is a portrait by the vigorous Zurbarán, perhaps the most distinctively Spanish painter of the realistic school. According to Lord Leighton, Francisco de Zurbarán represented ‘all Spain’ in his art. Among the portraits of illustrious persons are those of Quevedo, Father Sigüenza, Torquemada, Francisco Ximenes, Luis de Gongora, and Cardinal Mendoza. VI THE UNIVERSITY An important part of the great building of the Escorial was the Colegio, designed by Philip as an institution for the instruction of monks and preachers. We have seen how from his earliest manhood the king valued culture and esteemed the arts, and the University of the Escorial was his tribute to learning, just as the Monastery and the Church bore testimony of his zeal for the Faith of Rome.