The fine staircase of the Palace was the work of Ventura Rodriguez, and it was built in the reign of Carlos IV. In the Lower Gallery there are pictures of historical interest, some of them being the original works painted for the founder of the Escorial. They are chiefly battlepieces; and one is a copy of the fresco in the Hall of Battles. Among the pictures are the ‘Siege of Grave,’ the ‘Siege of Calais,’ the ‘Christian Fleet attacking the Turks,’ ‘Battle at Amiens,’ and the ‘Fleet entering the Port of Messina.’ The most important tapestries of the Escorial are in the Palace. They were designed by the gifted Goya and by Maëlla, one of the lesser painters of the eighteenth century. Goya’s designs are typically Spanish, and deserve the closest attention. The tapestries were mostly made in Madrid, though those from designs by Teniers were woven in Holland, and a few are of French and Italian manufacture. The tapestry works are of exceptional design and are scarcely excelled by any in Europe. Goya’s success as a designer of tapestry cartoons gained him election to the Académia de San Fernando, and Charles IV. appointed him _pintor de cámara del Rey_, or Court artist. In the Apartments of the Prince there are some noteworthy pictures of the Italian School, and an old Dutch tapestry adorns the wall of one room. But finer paintings are in the Apartments of the Princess, where Alonso Cano’s genius is shown in the Virgin and the Infant Christ. Pantoja’s portrait of Philip II., painted on wood, is here. The Head of Christ by Guido Reni is in the bedroom; and another sleeping apartment is decorated with a tapestry from the designs of a Flemish artist. The drawing-room contains a tapestry of Spanish design, and there are tapestries in the nurse-room and play-room. The chief picture in the workroom is one of San Antonio by the powerful Ribera. Three portraits by Mengs hang here: one of Charles III. in mail, and the others of Maria Josephine, daughter of Charles, and Maria Luisa, wife of Leopold of Austria, the Archduke. In the Reception Hall there is a portrait of the Duque de Olivares, said to be by Velazquez, but the authenticity is dubious. The picture of Pope Innocent X. is a copy of Velazquez’s portrait. Among the other portraits in this hall are Isabel, wife of Philip II. There are a few landscape paintings, and one or two works of minor painters of the Italian school. The corridor of the Hall of the Caryatides is supposed to represent the handle of the gridiron upon which the patron saint of the Escorial was martyred for his faith. This is an almost square apartment, designed in the Doric style. There are two fountains in marble, with figures of Caryatides pouring water into the basins.