verse following he gives an instance of some particulars, ‘Touch not, taste not, handle not’ (ver. 21). Now the junior company of Essenes might not touch the seniors. And in their diet their taste was limited to bread, salt, water and hyssop. And these ordinances they undertook διὰ πόθον σοφίας saith Philo, for the love of wisdom; but the Apostle concludeth (ver. 23) that these things had only λόγον σοφίας a show of wisdom. And whereas Philo termeth the religion of the Essenes by the name of θεράπεια which word signifieth religious worship; the Apostle termeth in the same verse εθιλεθρεκείαν voluntary religious worship or will worship; yea, where he termeth their doctrine πάτρων φιλοσοφιας a kind of philosophy received from their forefathers by tradition; St. Paul biddeth them beware of philosophy (ver. 8).” I have given this extract in full because succeeding writers have with more or less exactness based their opinion upon it. In animadverting upon it, I need only refer to the former part of this Essay, where it will be seen that some of the things here mentioned, are not peculiar to the Essenes, and others do not belong to them at all, whilst the last quotation from Philo describes the Therapeutae and not the Essenes. [78] 1628–1678.—Next in point of time is Theophilus Gale, who gives us a description of the Essenes in his famous work called The Court of the Gentiles, part ii. (Oxford, 1671), book ii. § 9, p. 146–156. As might be expected from this learned writer, who wrote this elaborate work to demonstrate that “the original of all human literature, both philology and philosophy, is from the Scriptures and the Jewish Church,” he endeavours to prove that Pythagoras took the whole of his philosophic system from the Essenes. “As for the origination of their name,” Gale tells us, “they were called ‏חסדים‎ i.e. according to the Greek καθαροὶ and according to our English dialect pure. Now the origination or rise of these Essenes I conceive (by the best conjectures I can make from antiquity), to be in or immediately after the Babylonian captivity (though some make them later), and the occasion of their separation and consociation seems this. Many of the carnal Jews defiling themselves either by being too deeply plunged in worldly affairs, even to the neglect of their religion, or, which was worse, by sensual compliances with their idolatrous lords, thereby to secure their carnal interests, these ‏חסדים‎ or Essenes, to preserve themselves from these common pollutions, separated and retired themselves from the crowd of worldly affairs into an holy solitude, and private condition of life; where they entered into a strict confederation or consociation to lead together a collegiate devout life.” [79] He then gives an epitome of their doctrines and practices, and finally endeavours to shews that Pythagoras got his system from them. In doing this, Gale mixes up the Therapeutae with the Essenes, and follows largely the description of Godwyn.