of another, seems to be intolerable in any country where freedom prevails, as being the essence of slavery itself.[452] CHAPTER XII THE LAW OF CITIZENSHIP 163. “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the State wherein they reside.”[453] The phrase “subject to the jurisdiction thereof” excludes “children of ministers, consuls, and citizens or subjects of foreign states born within the United States.”[454] The supreme law clearly recognizes and establishes a distinction between United States citizenship and State citizenship. To be a citizen of a State, a person must reside within that State, but to be a citizen of the United States, it is necessary only that he or she be born or naturalized within the jurisdiction of the United States. Thus American citizenship, like the operation of American constitutional law in all its aspects, is a matter of jurisdiction, or sovereignty. In America there are two citizenships, distinct from each other, and depending upon different characteristics and circumstances, and the essential difference is caused by a difference of jurisdiction. In strict conformity to this distinction, the Constitution prohibits a State from making or enforcing “any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States.”[455] The limitation is not as to laws affecting the privileges and immunities of citizens of the several States; equality of citizens of States is secured by another provision.[456] The privileges and immunities of the citizen of one State removing to another State are the same, no more, no less, than the privileges and immunities of the citizens of the State into which he or she removed.[457] The privileges and immunities of citizens of the several States rest for security and protection with the States themselves,—where they rested before the Constitution was made. These privileges and immunities are not placed under the care of the United States except so far as the Constitution declares that, “The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States.” These privileges and immunities of citizens of the several States are _fundamental_,[458] and are commonly set forth in Bills of Rights found in the State constitutions. The sole purpose of the Fourteenth Amendment is to declare to the several States that whatever those rights,—as you grant or establish them to your own citizens, or as you limit, or qualify, or impose restrictions on their exercise, the same, neither more nor less, shall be the measure of the rights of citizens of other States within your jurisdiction.[459] 164. What then are the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States? They are the privileges and immunities secured to them by the Constitution. Among them are