to come to the seat of government to assert any claim he may have upon that government; to transact any business he may have with it; to share its offices; to engage in administering its functions; the right of free access to its seaports, through which all operations of foreign commerce are conducted; to the subtreasuries, land offices, and courts of justice in the several States[460]; “to demand the care and protection of the federal government over his life, liberty, and property when on the high seas, or within the jurisdiction of a foreign government; to peaceably assemble and petition for redress of grievances; the privilege of _habeas corpus_; to use the navigable waters of the United States however they may penetrate the territory of the several States; all rights secured to (American) citizens by treaties with foreign nations”; the right, on his own volition to become a citizen of any State of the United States by a _bona fide_ residence therein, with the same rights as other citizens of that State.[461] Thus it appears that the rights of a citizen—his “privileges and immunities”—are measurable by the jurisdiction of the sovereignty to which he owes allegiance. Between allegiance and protection as between citizenship and sovereignty there is a reciprocal relation. 165. The Fourteenth Amendment did not add to the privileges and immunities of a citizen.[462] It simply furnished an additional guaranty to the protection of such as he already had. It did not add the right of suffrage to these privileges and immunities as they existed at the time of the adoption of the Constitution. The United States guarantees to every State in the Union a republican form of government,[463] but this is not a guarantee to any citizen of the right to vote, nor does the Constitution confer that right on any person.[464] That right (or privilege, as it is in strict contemplation of law) was not the same among the original States, the qualifications for voting differing widely among them, and also in the same State at different times.[465] When the Constitution confers citizenship it does not confer the right to vote. There is, however, a right to vote possessed by certain citizens of the United States, namely they who vote for members of Congress and Senators of the United States, and (by implication) electors of President and Vice-President. The Constitution defines electors of Congressmen and Senators as the same persons who are entitled in the several States to vote for the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.[466] The United States thus adopts the qualification thus furnished as the qualification of its own electors of Congress. It is not true, therefore, that electors for members of Congress owe their right to vote to the State law in any sense which makes the exercise of the right depend exclusively on the law of the State.[467]