Congress, law making by, 2, 18–50; determines extent of taxation, regulates commerce, protects citizens, determines jurisdiction of federal courts, assigns duties and powers to the President, 25; powers of, political, 26; abuse of powers by, 27; checks on, 27; test of authority of, 30, 31; powers of, derived, 34, 35; war power of, 46; power over territory, 48, 49, 50; power of, over commerce, 63–88; limitation of powers of, as to commerce, 69–88; debates in, as evidence in court, 127; decides political questions, 128; governs territory, 158–163; power over outlying possessions, 161, 162, 163; checks on, 170–176; unconstitutional legislation, 218, 219 Constitution, the supreme law, 1; essential to sovereignty, 2; ordained by the people, 2; a practical instrument, 19, 20; provides only for judicial interpretation, 24; relative rank with act of Congress, 24, 25; unwritten, 27; how amended, 180, 181; administrative provisions in, 191, 192; essential features of, 194 Constitutions, State, 1776–1787, 21; limit Legislatures, 22, 23 Consuls, 119, 120, 137 Contracts, between citizens of different States, 37, 38; obligation of, 37; a lawful, 40; law of, the, 89–101; obligation of, under the Constitution, 93, 94; constitutional use of the word, 98 Convention, 107, 108 Convention (federal), 6; to amend Constitution, 180, 181 Cooley, quoted, 205 Copyrights, 36, 43 Corporations, municipal, 59; as citizen, 139, 142; rights of, 139, 140, 149 Counterfeiting, 36, 41, 42 Counties, jurisdiction over, 48 Courts, inferior, 122 _et seq._ Courts, Territorial, 125 Courts, Supreme and inferior, 113, 122, 123; jurisdiction of federal, 115 _et seq._; Territorial, 125; political questions and the, 126; do not decide political questions, 128; province and duty of, 129; judicial supremacy, 129–131; essential power of the Supreme Court, 142, 143; federal sitting as State, 144, 145; limitation of federal, 178 D Debts, of the U. S., 40 Domain, eminent, exercise of, by U. S. or the States, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100 “Due process of law,” charitable institutions not entitled to, or a person, 60; a fundamental right, 95, 204, 220 Duties, export, 22; uniform, 40, 171 Duty, a ministerial, 110, 111, 112 E Election, disputed, of President or Vice-President, 180 Elections, disputed presidential, 167 Electors, denial of right of, 179 England, as sovereign, 2 Excises, 40, 171 Executive, law of, 102–112; checks on, 166–169 Exemption, from taxation (Churches, Schools, etc.), 60; from income tax, 61 Expatriation, 222