This principle applies to both American governments,—that of each State, and that of the United States. Each within its own jurisdiction is supreme. This means that the national government possesses powers adequate to the existence and efficient operation of such a government. With this principle in mind, the exercise, by Congress, of its powers becomes reasonably plain. The people of the United States are a sovereignty; they have ordained and established the Constitution of the United States. This Constitution is a plan of republican, that is of representative, government. The powers granted by this sovereignty to this government are adequate to the ends and purposes of this government. Whence follows all our constitutional law: for the constitutional law of the States cannot vary essentially from that of the United States. The principle here is stated by Chief Justice Marshall: “The Constitution, when thus adopted, was of complete obligation, and bound the State sovereignties.”[62] 26. The powers of Congress are derived through this Constitution and are adequate to the legislative needs of the government thus created. Here again applies the principle as to proper legislative powers: “Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the Constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, are constitutional.” If this principle be true (and it lies at the basis of government in America), it seems unnecessary that the Constitution should specify, or enumerate the powers of Congress. These which are enumerated may not be said to be in any logical order. Doubtless the qualities of sovereignty are equal qualities—each essential to the supreme end and purpose of sovereignty—which end and purpose is to be and to remain sovereignty. 27. But to Congress and to the State Legislatures powers are granted. Does the grant of powers to Congress extinguish the grant to the State Legislatures? Here, again, Hamilton states the principle: