57. But in the exercise of this power to regulate commerce Congress has legislated “to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies.”[144] Individuals, or corporations under State laws, engaged in business, in so far as they are contracts, combinations in the form of trusts, or otherwise, or conspiracies in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States are illegal. The test here is, Are such combinations in restraint of commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, or with the Indian tribes? If any such combination be in restraint of commerce completely internal in a State, it does not fall within the jurisdiction of the United States. If illegal, it is illegal by State laws.[145] Thus a combination that is engaged in manufacturing is within the jurisdiction of the police power of the State, not within the jurisdiction given by the commerce clause of the Constitution.[146] The regulation of manufactures is not the regulation of commerce. A monopoly of manufacturing is not necessarily a monopoly of commerce among the several States. In other words, manufacturing is not commerce. The Constitution does not give Congress power to regulate manufactures. However, as soon as the article manufactured becomes an article of commerce among the several States, then it is subject to regulation by Congress. 58. As soon as the article is manufactured it is subject to the law of the State; the moment the article commences its final movement from the State of its origin, that moment it is an article of commerce as that word is used in the Constitution, and is within the jurisdiction of Congress.[147] Manufacture is transformation,—the fashioning of raw materials into a change of form for use. The functions of commerce are different. The buying and selling and the transportation incidental thereto constitute commerce; and the regulation of commerce in the constitutional sense, embraces the regulation at least of such transportation. If it be held that the term includes the regulation of all such manufactures as are intended to be the subjects of commercial transactions in the future, it is impossible to deny that it would also include all productive industries that contemplate the same thing. The result would be that Congress would be invested, to the exclusion of the States, with the power to regulate, not only manufactures, but also agriculture, horticulture, stock-raising, domestic fisheries, mining,—in short, every branch of human industry.[148] Assumption of power such as this by Congress would conflict with the residuary powers of the States,—powers over intrastate commerce, and that vast authority possessed by the States and known as their police powers. Were such authority possessed and exercised by Congress, the State governments would be paralyzed and between the States and the United States there would be endless conflict.