97. This Amendment is a limitation of the judicial power delegated to the government of the United States and save in some particulars of applied judicial jurisdiction as original or appellate, is the only limitation. On the principle that the government of the United States “must possess all the means and have a right to resort to all the methods of executing the powers with which it is intrusted that are possessed and exercised by the governments of the particular States,”[246] the judicial power vested in the federal courts must be sufficient for all the functions and purposes of the federal government. The judicial power of the United States extends to all cases, in law and equity, arising under the Constitution, the laws of the United States, and the treaties made under its authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States is a party; to controversies between two or more States; between citizens of different States; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants from different States, and between a State, or its citizens, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects, save and except as jurisdiction is limited by the Eleventh Amendment.[247] 98. It will be observed that the judicial power thus delegated to the United States includes jurisdiction over cases arising outside the domain strictly included (as popularly understood) within the government of the United States. That government is, of necessity and by its nature, a distinct government, possessing powers and functions and purposes of its own, delegated and set forth in the Constitution. Fundamentally there is a government of the United States distinct from the government of the States. The judicial power of the United States includes jurisdiction over controversies to which States are a party,—that is, to controversies to which the United States is not a party. The jurisdiction here has no reference to the controversy but to the status of the parties to the controversy. 99. _The Federalist_ sets forth the principle here involved: If there are such things as political axioms, the propriety of the judicial power of a government being co-extensive with its legislative, may be ranked among the number. The mere necessity of uniformity in the interpretation of the national laws decides the question. Thirteen (1787; forty-eight, 1917) independent courts of final jurisdiction over the same causes, is a hydra in government, from which nothing but contradiction and confusion can proceed.[248] This aspect of the judicial power of the United States concerns the interpretation of the supreme law. One purpose of that law is “to insure domestic tranquillity,”—that is, the peace of the Union.[249]