(1) All duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States.[361] (2) No appropriations of money to raise and support armies shall be for a longer period than two years.[362] (3) Militia officers must be appointed by the respective States.[363] (4) No bill of attainder or _ex post facto_ law shall be passed.[364] (5) No tax or duty shall be laid on exports from any State.[365] (6) No discrimination shall be made as to ports of entry or the regulation of shipping.[366] (7) No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States.[367] (8) Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.[368] (9) Revenue bills shall originate in the House of Representatives.[369] (10) No Senator or Representative, during the time for which he is elected, can be appointed to any civil office under the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office.[370] (11) No act of Congress concerning treason can provide for conviction “unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.”[371] (12) A bill of attainder of treason is not a bill of attainder, but no bill of attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attained.[372] (13) A new State cannot be erected within the jurisdiction of another State, or be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without consent of their respective legislatures.[373] (14) The power of Congress to make rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States cannot be exercised so as to prejudice the claims of any particular State.[374] 140. While the limitations thus far cited are specific and expressed, they go less to the fundamentals of government and civil rights than do other limitations expressed in the Constitution, and notably in the Amendments.[375] It is not unusual that a State constitution declares that to guard against transgressions of the high powers of government delegated by the people through them, everything in the article, commonly known as the Bill of Rights, is excepted out of the general powers of government, and shall forever remain inviolate. The first ten Amendments of the Constitution are its Bill of Rights, and are a limitation not only of legislative powers but also of executive powers vested in the President, and of judicial powers vested in the Supreme and inferior courts of the United States.[376]