9. In a bad way; in a wretched or miserable state, unfortunate, unfavorable. 10. With a bad grace; unwillingly. II. _The Positive Significations of the Word “Bad.”_ 1. Bad air; noxious, poisonous. 2. Bad food or water; injurious to health, hurtful, dangerous, pernicious. 3. Bad company; depraved, wicked, vicious. 4. Bad fit (as of a shoe); causing inconvenience, displeasure, or pain. 5. Bad smell; unpleasant, offensive, disagreeable, troublesome, painful. 6. “Bad blood”; harsh, angry feeling. 7. In bad health; suffering from disease or injury, (in pain). 8. “To the bad”; to ruin, in deficit. 9. “In bad” (slang); spoken of a man who has made trouble for himself and others. [9] In passing, it might be pertinent to consider the question as to whether the word “bad” _is_ synonymous with ‘that which disappoints expectation.’ One might ask, for example, “Do not chronic pessimists literally expect catastrophe?” Here, as elsewhere, we must not be deceived by a trick of speech. For he who says, “I expect disaster,” is unwittingly making an equivocal statement. The man who makes such a remark cannot be implying that his whole body, with its numerous action-patterns, is completely set to receive the stimulus that will demolish his equilibrium. Rather should we infer from this utterance that he is at least partly prepared to resist it, partly to rejoice at the incident discomfiture to others, with the hope thereby of making his own troubles dwindle by comparison, and perhaps also partly anticipating the relief that will come when the suspense of waiting is over. None of these interpretations disallow the formulation of any of the above classes of “bad.” To be sure, there are certain abnormal types, like the sadist and the masochist, to whom pain is an erotic stimulus, but even so, their expectations are always directed to that particular element of the situation which, by affording an outgoing reaction, is for them a “good.” [10] THE SIGNIFICATIONS OF THE TERM “EVIL” 1. That which causes or increases harm, injury, misfortune, or disease. 2. Such advice as is misleading, mischievous, or disastrous. 3. Any wish whose fulfilment would lead to calamity, trouble, or death. 4. Any abusive, malicious, or slanderous statement, (compare “_evil_ tongue”). 5. Any period of time characterized by misfortune or suffering. 6. The term “evil” is also used in special senses, such as in the expression “social evil” (that is, prostitution). But such a use of this word, being special and more or less provincial, should not be over-emphasized in our definition. There are, moreover, many other social evils than prostitution, and some producing far more ethical disaster. CHAPTER V “RIGHT” AS A GESTURAL SIGN