This is the argument used by De Lugo; Molina follows the same line of thought; but both authorities finally reach the conclusion, in the case of the enemy and the citizen whose life is required, that the state may at least drive this citizen out of the city to save its own existence. Molina also draws attention to the fact that there is a great difference between a member of a body politic and a member of the human body; this identification, if pushed far enough, becomes an analogical quibble. Some hold that a judge or the civil authority in general may kill or maim a criminal by gubernatorial power alone, prescinding from dominative power, and this not to the utility of the criminal but for the utility of society. The killing of a criminal, these objectors say, is not for the good of the criminal; it is a deterrent, a protective act, for the good of society. This is not true. The penal law which the criminal breaks was not made solely for society; it was intended also for the utility of the person who becomes a criminal. The law was made and the punishment established that all subjects indiscriminately should be helped to live honestly and blamelessly, and to this end it was necessary to decree and inflict punishment as affecting all offenders. The obligation to receive punishment is in a manner essential to man. As he naturally requires direction and government unto virtue in his political and social life, he has a connatural obligation to endure punishment when he violates the law made for his advantage--one condition cannot exist without the other. Hence punishment really is to the utility of the criminal. CHAPTER III WHEN DOES HUMAN LIFE BEGIN? By the embryologists from the moment the spermatozoön joins the nucleus of the ovum until the end of the second week of gestation the product of conception is called the _Ovum_; from the end of the second week to the end of the fourth week it is the _Embryo_; from the end of the fourth week to birth it is the _Fetus_. At what moment during these three stages does the human soul, the substantial form of a man in the full comprehension of the term, enter the product of conception? When does the thing become a human being?