subsequently, broken up and displaced by the Keltic and Germanic occupancies of Gaul and Germany respectively. The history of the present Scandinavians, Danes, Swedes, and Norwegians--must be considered in respect to (1) the line of conquest; (2) the date of the invasion; (3) the amount of foreign blood introduced. 1. Ptolemy’s notice of Scandia is, that “the western parts are occupied by the _Chadeinoi_, the eastern by the _Phauonai_ and _Phiræsoi_, the southern by the _Gautæ_ and _Daukiônes_, the middle by the _Leuônoi_.”--Lib. 11. ii. 33. We are not in the habit of considering these _Phiræsoi_ to be _Frisii_, yet it would be difficult to give a reason against doing so. The Frisian occupancy of Jutland, at an early period, is undoubted, and it is equally undoubted that, of all the German dialects, the Frisian is the likest to the Scandinavian. It is on the eastern side of _Norway_ that these _Phiræsoi_ must be placed, probably to the south of the Miösen, where they came in contact with the _Chad_-einoi of _Hede_-marken. There is a little forcing of the geography here. The Goths were, at the same time, in possession of the south of Sweden. These Goths seem to have been harder to reduce than the Ugrians, so that the line of the Frisian (Phiræsian) conquest ran, at first, from south to north, but afterwards changed its direction, and effected the reduction of the parts between the southern border of Lapland and the Malar Lake; the Goths of Gothland being the last to be reduced. What justifies these details? The Goths of Gothland have already been considered. They reached as far as the parts about Stockholm. Now, _North_ of these come the men of the _South_, _i.e._, of _Suder_-mannaland, or _Suder_-mania; a name which is explained if we make them the most southern of the invaders from Norway, but not easily explicable otherwise. This is the case of our own county of _Suther_-land repeated; which was the most southern part of Norway, though the most northern part of Britain. Further details of distribution are necessary to account for the name of the province of _West_mannaland nearly, but not quite, on the _eastern_ coast of Sweden. The district between it and the sea was reduced first. 2. The date must have been earlier than the time of Ptolemy; indeed, early enough to allow for the development of the differences between the Norse and Frisian languages. Reasons for believing that this requires no inordinate length of time I have given elsewhere.[22]