The Goths belonged to a different branch. Their epoch is from A.D. 412 to A.D. 711. As the Gothic empire was an extension from that of southern Gaul, Catalonia may be the province where the Gothic blood is most abundant. Niebuhr considers that they pressed the Suevi before them into Portugal and Asturias. Two other elements require notice, both early, but one insignificant in amount, and the other obscure and problematical; the Greek and the Keltic. From Marseilles, _Greek_ colonists founded Emporia on the coast of Catalonia, and a few other places of less importance. But who were the _Keltæ_ of Spain? the population whose name occurs in the word _Celtici_ and _Celtiberi_, _Keltic Iberians_, or _Iberian Kelts_? Three considerations come in here. _a._ First, the external evidence, or the testimony of ancient authors as to the presence of Kelts in Spain and Portugal. _b._ Secondly, the internal evidence derived from the remains of language, the presence of certain customs, and physical appearance. _c._ The _à priori_ likelihood or unlikelihood of a _Kelt-iberic_ mixture. The last is considerable. The evidence that gives us Kelts at all in the Peninsula gives us them for three-fourths of its area; indeed, Andalusia is the only part wherein reasons of some sort or other for their presence, cannot be discovered. We find traces of them in the valleys of the Ebro, the Guadiana, the Tagus, and the Douro, and we find them also on the high central table-lands that form the water-shed. Such being the case, what must be our view of their chronological relations to the Iberi? Are they the older occupants of Spain and Portugal, or the newer? If the newer, the displacement must have been enormous. If the older, whence are we to bring the Iberians? So great are the difficulties of this alternative, that the fact itself requires extraordinary caution before we admit it at all. Let us deal with the evidence in this cautious spirit. The external evidence is clear and decisive. To go no further than Strabo, we have Kelts in the north, Kelts between the Guadiana and the Douro, and Kelts in the interior. At the head-waters of the Guadiana, Posidonius places the Keltiberians, in which parts they “increased in numbers, and made the whole of the neighbouring country _Keltiberic_.” This is the country on each side of the Sierra de Toledo, or New Castile, the very centre of Spain, and, as such, an unlikely place for an immigrant population, whether we look to its distance from the frontier, or to its mountainous aspect. They are carried, at least, as far north as the mountains of Burgos, and to the upper waters of the Douro on one side, and the Ebro on the other. So that Old Castile, with parts of Leon and Aragon, may be considered as Keltiberic. This is the first division. In the south of Portugal comes the second, _i.e._, in Alemtejo, or the parts between the Tagus and the Guadiana. Here are the _Celtici_ of the classical writers.