Russian Populations Sarmatian and Turanian.--Samoeids Turanian.--Ugrians.--Lapps.--Kwains.--Esthonians.--Liefs.--Permians. --Siranians.--Votiaks.--Tsheremiss, Tshuvatsh, Morduin.--Lithuanians. --Malorussians and Muscovites.--Their recent Introduction.--The Skoloti.--Early Displacements.--Ugrian Glosses.--Indian Affinities of the Lithuanic.--Russian Poland.--Analytical View of the Present Populations of Russia.--Arkhangel.--Finland.--Esthonia.--Livonia. --Perm.--Simbirsk, Penza.--Lithuania.--Volhynia.--Kharkhov.--Kosaks. --Kherson.--Taurida......146 CHAPTER VII. Wallachia and Moldavia.--Rumanyos.--Descent from the Daci.--Sarmatian Origin.--Servia.--Montenegro.....182 CHAPTER VIII. Frisian, Saxon, Dutch, and Gothic Germans.--Germanized Kelts.--Germanized Slaves.--Prussia.--Isolation of its Areas.--East and West Prussia.--Prussian Poland.--Pomerania.--Prussian Silesia.--Prussian Saxony.--Brandenburg.--Uckermark.--South-Western Portion.--Westphalian and Rhenish Prussia.--Mecklenburg.--Saxony.--Linones of Luneburg.--Hanover and Oldenburg.--Holland.--Hesse-Cassel, Hesse-Darmstadt, Nassau.--Baden.--Wurtemburg.--Weimar.--Rhenish Bavaria.--Danubian Bavaria......187 CHAPTER IX. Great Britain.--Denmark.--The Islands.--The Vithesleth.--Fyen.--Lauenburg.--Holstein.--Sleswick.--Jutland.--Iceland. --The Feroe Isles.--Norway.--Sweden.--Lapps.--Kwains.--Gothlanders. --Angermannians.--Theory of the Scandinavian Population......199 CHAPTER X. Rumelia.--The Turk Stock.--Zones of Conquest.--Early Intrusions of Turk Populations Westward.--Thracians.--The Ancient Macedonians.--The Pelasgi of Macedonia.--Bosnia, Herzegovna and Turkish Croatia.--Bulgaria......221 CHAPTER XI. Austria.--Bukhovinia, Gallicia, and Lodomiria.--Bohemia and Moravia.--Austrian Silesia.--Dalmatia.--Croatia.--Carniola.--Carinthia.--Styria.--Saltzburg, the Tyrol, the Vorarlberg.--Upper and Lower Austria.--Hungary......238 ERRATUM. (corrected by etext transcriber.) Page 3, line 6, _for_ greater _read_ less. ETHNOLOGY OF EUROPE. CHAPTER I. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.--THE PHYSICAL PECULIARITIES OF EUROPE.--GENERAL SKETCH OF ITS ETHNOLOGY.--STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS.--THE SKIPETAR, OR ALBANIANS.--THEIR LANGUAGE, DESCENT.--THE FOUR TRIBES.--HOW FAR A PURE STOCK.--ELEMENTS OF INTERMIXTURE. The proper introduction to the ethnology of Europe is the following series of preliminaries:-- 1. The physical peculiarities of the quarter of the world so called; 2. A general view of the stocks, families, or races which occupy it; 3. A statement of the chief problems connected with the Natural History of its populations. 1. The physical conditions of Europe are as remarkable in respect to their negative as their positive characters; in other words, there is a great number of points wherein Europe differs from Asia, Africa, America, and Polynesia, in respect to what it has _not_, as well as in respect to what it _has_.