It is convenient to take the ethnology of France next in order to that of Spain, because we have already seen that, when we examine the earliest populations of the two countries we shall find that the _Iberic_ stock was common to the two. Although I find no Gauls in Iberia, the Iberians in ancient Gaul were numerous; indeed, they occur in Gascony and Bearn at the present moment. The predominant stock, however, of Gallia, as is well-known, is the _Keltic_, still existing, along with its ancient language, and other characteristics in Brittany. The Iberians belonged chiefly, though not wholly and exclusively, to _Aquitania_. In the reign of Augustus this term denoted a _political_, in that of Julius Cæsar, an _ethnological_ area. The _province_ reached from the Pyrenees to the Loire; the _Aquitania_ of the true _Aquitani_ from the Pyrenees to the Garonne. In the present towns of Bazas, Eauze, and Auch, we have the names of the ancient Vas-_ates_, Elus-_ates_, and Ausci; besides which, the Soci-_ates_, the Tarus-_ates_, the Garumni, the Bigerriones, the Preciani, the Gari-_tes_, the Sabuz-_ates_, the Cocos-_ates_, the Lector-_ates_, and the Tarbelli occupied the present provinces of Gascony and Bearn in general. It is usual to say that these names are Iberian. This is scarcely the case. The remarkable peculiarity of them is as follows: the termination -_at_ is Gallic, and probably the sign of the plural number, whilst the radical part is not _evidently_ Gallic, and, probably, not Gallic at all; or (changing the expression) whilst the Gallic _inflexion_ is common amongst the old names of Gascony, the Gallic _roots_ (-_magus_, _tre_-, _con_-, &c.) are rare; from which I infer that the geographical nomenclature of south-western France was Iberic in respect to its roots, but Gallic in respect to its form; so that the words in question are Iberic names taken from Gallic informants. Nothing, however, of great importance depends on this. In the parts about Baignerres there was a Roman colony, that of the Convenæ; partly Gallic, partly Iberic, and partly Legionary.[4] As were Gascony and Bearn, so were Rousillon and the greater part of Languedoc--Iberic; for the Iberi extended to the Rhone. Along the frontier of the Iberian area there was certainly intermixture between the Aquitanians and the true Gauls, and there were also Gallic settlements, such as Hebro-_magus_, within the Iberian area itself. Nevertheless, Southern Gaul was Northern Spain, and Northern Spain Southern Gaul. Provence and Dauphiné differ from Gascony and Languedoc in having had a _Ligurian_ rather than an Iberian substratum; in having received Roman influences earlier and more largely, in having been the area of the Phocæan colony of Massilia, or Marseilles, in and around which city there must have been a notable tincture of Greek blood. Who were the Ligurians?