In late Tertiary times the shore-line lay some distance to the east towards New Zealand, this being a relic of a much earlier connexion between the two lands. Towards the close of the Tertiary earth-movements set in, which elevated the mountain belt of eastern Australia and formed a land connexion with Tasmania and the Antarctic continent. At the same time the land to the east and the closed basins of central Australia were also probably developed about this time. The climate was then somewhat warmer than the present, at least on the east coast, for the Australian barrier reef extended further south. Probably at this time the Antarctic ice-sheet did not reach the sea, and there was none of the floating ice which is such an important factor in cooling the Southern Ocean. The next stage was the lowering snow-line on Kosciusko to about 3000 feet below the present and the development of extensive glaciers, which descended to 5500 feet above the sea, and attained an area of 80 to 100 square miles and a thickness of at least 1000 feet. Tasmania was also extensively ice-covered, probably by glaciers which coalesced at low levels, forming what is known as a “piedmont” ice-sheet, which possibly reached the sea. The lowering of the snow-line in Tasmania is estimated as 6000 feet, corresponding to a fall in temperature of 18° F. Probably a large part of this fall is accounted for by the increased elevation, which may have been several thousand feet in Tasmania and more than a thousand feet even in New South Wales. This glaciation, which was probably dependent on the growth of the Antarctic ice-sheet, was followed by a very long interglacial, the duration of which has been estimated by Professor David as 100,000 to 200,000 years. The old moraines are much weathered and denuded, resembling in this respect the older moraines of Europe. No information is available as to the climate of this interglacial period. Possibly some of the Quaternary raised beaches with warmth-loving mollusca found in unglaciated parts of Australia belong to this period, and if so the climate was warmer than the present for at least part of the time. The interglacial was followed by uplift and a second much less severe Glacial period, characterized by valley glaciers on Kosciusko and in Tasmania, reaching the sea in places on the latter island. It was at the close of this Glacial period that man reached Tasmania; its conclusion is dated by Prof. David at about 10,000 years ago. It was terminated by a period of depression below the present level with a warm climate.