In the dry interior of Australia there is evidence that at one time, probably during the maximum glaciation, the rainfall was heavier than the present, and numerous lakes were developed which have now been dry for a very long time. It is possible that the artesian water supply of Australia, which Gregory considers to be “fossil water” accumulated under different conditions from the present, is a vestige of the rainfall of this period. Further north, in Java, the beds in which the famous _Pithecanthropus_ skeleton was found, believed to be lower glacial, contain also plant remains similar to those now found in the Khassian mountains of Assam, one of the rainiest climates in the world. The climate of Java during the maximum glaciation was thus decidedly rainier, and probably somewhat cooler than the present. An extraordinary find which may be referred to here is that of Professor Neuhauss, who discovered giant erratics, scratched and polished, and moraines at _sea-level_ at the western end of Huon Gulf, New Guinea. The region is very unstable, and is known to have stood at a very much higher level, perhaps 10,000 feet or more, in Quaternary times, and if the moraines indicate glaciers terminating at 10,000 feet above the sea they are explicable by a slight fall of temperature and increase of snowfall. Turning now to New Zealand, we find extensive glacial remains on South Island, though not on North Island. As in so many other countries, the Quaternary opened with great elevation, which reached at least 1500 feet over the whole group. North and South Islands were united with each other, with Stewart Island and probably also the outlying islands, even including the Chatham Islands, forming a great land-mass several times the present area of New Zealand. On the southern part of this land-mass extensive glaciers were formed; on the east these did not reach the present sea-level, but on the snowy south-west they extended far below it, so that the terminal moraines are now completely submerged; possibly they were never formed, but the debris was floated away seaward on icebergs. Further north moraines are found near the present shore-line at many places between Milford Sound and Hokitika, and morainic mounds cover a large part of the low ground. Still further north they retreat inland, and in the Nelson Province are not found below a level of 2000 feet at the foot of Lake Rotoiti.