In the south-east a great moraine has been described at the south end of Lake Wakatipu and others at the north-east ends of Lakes Manapouri and Te Anau, but none are found nearer the sea-coast. The glaciated area of New Zealand was at least ten times the present ice-covered area, and the Tasman, the longest glacier in New Zealand, was expanded from its present length of 16 miles to at least 30 miles. Much of the apparent fall of temperature shown by this glaciation was probably due to the great elevation, but apart from this the ice had a marked influence on climate. Outside the limits of glaciation on the east is a thick deposit of typical loess, which extends up to a level of 1000 feet on the flanks of the hills. The occurrence of this loess points to a steppe climate with dry, cold, southerly winds on the lee side of the glaciated mountains, and is probably also connected with the increase of land area. Further north, north of Auckland in North Island, the present treeless plains were covered by forests; for Kauri gum, apparently very old, has been found. The sub-antarctic islands—Campbell, Antipodes, etc.—were not covered by either New Zealand or Antarctic ice, but were the centres of local severe glaciations of their own. The next stage was a great subsidence, during which the glaciers retreated. The land sank below its present level, raised beaches probably of interglacial age being found at various heights ranging from 10 feet above the sea at Manukau in the centre of North Island to 150 feet at Taranaki, 200 feet at Cape Palliser, 400 feet on the west coast of South Island, 500 feet at Amuri Bluff, and even 800 feet in the entrances to the south-western sounds. This great submergence was associated with the deposition of extensive gravel deposits by the rivers. The interglacial was followed by a second period of elevation. It is not certain how far this went. Submerged peat-bogs have been found at a depth of nearly 600 feet below sea-level near Canterbury, but these may belong to the early stages of the interglacial and not to the post-Glacial period. On the other hand, the submerged forests which are found at many points on the coast of New Zealand are evidently post-glacial and indicate a slight rise above present level. At the same time there was a renewal of the glacial conditions, but the ice was confined to the valleys and had a much less extent than in the first glaciation. This period seems to have been followed by a slight submergence and a temporary warm period. BIBLIOGRAPHY David, T. W. E. “Australasie. Les conditions du climat aux époques géologiques.” _Rep. Congr. Geol. Internat._, 10, 1906, pp. 275-98. Süssmilch, C. A. “An introduction to the geology of New South Wales.” Sydney, 1914. Gagel, C. “Beiträge zur Geologie von Kaiser-Wilhelms Land.” _Beitr. geol. Erforsch. deutsch. Schutzgebieten_, Berlin, 1913, H. 4.