If we take a map showing a reconstruction of the geography of _Littorina_ time, and apply to it the formulæ given in the Appendix, comparing our results with the inferences of Scandinavian and north German geologists as to the temperature, we find that there is a remarkably good agreement. Many of the palæo-botanists comment on the prolongation of the autumn into the present winter, which is especially characteristic of a more insular climate. The amounts of change in each case are also in good agreement, except perhaps in the Christiania region and in north Denmark, where the geologists require a greater change than that calculated from the land and sea distribution; this is probably accounted for by a higher temperature in the waters of the Atlantic. The maximum change as calculated is shown in south-west Finland (winter 6° F. warmer, summer 2° F. cooler). Finland is described as having at that time the climate of western Europe, which we may take as meaning winter 8° warmer, summer 3-4° cooler. There was thus a great change from the extreme climate of the continental phase with its hot summers and severe winters and little rain, to an extremely temperate climate with cool summers, mild winters and a heavy rainfall. The warmth-loving plants which had begun to immigrate during the later part of the continental phase continued to spread, and probably the highest average temperatures were reached at the time of maximum submergence, but now they were accompanied by plants for which a large rainfall is necessary, and it seems that the average rainfall of southern Sweden must have been about 40 inches a year. The oak began to dominate the forests in place of the hazel, and the peat-bogs, which during the preceding dry period had hardened into a firm surface on which birch and pine were able to take root, again became moist, so that the trees were choked by growths of bog-plants. On the shores lived men of the Transition and Early Neolithic. As the land rose again and the _Littorina_ Sea decreased in area the climate again became drier and more rigorous. In Denmark the forests of the _Ancylus_ period gave place to oak as the land sank, and there are also remains of two water plants, the water-nut (_Trapa natans_), which is no longer found in Denmark, and _Najas marina_, still living in one isolated locality. Northern Denmark was broken up into islands, among which marine deposits were formed, containing the remains of southern mollusca, many of which are found in the kitchen-middings. Most of the wood used by Neolithic man was oak; there is little fir and no beech.