In Norway the work of C. Brögger has made us familiar with the _Tapes_ beds, which correspond in point of time to the _Littorina_ stage of the Baltic. _Tapes decussatus_ is itself a southern species of mollusc, and it is associated with a very rich warmth-loving fauna. In southern Norway the geographical conditions were different from those in Sweden, for the land reached its lowest level relatively to the sea about the close of the Glacial period, and has been rising throughout the post-glacial. The seas show a progressive rise of temperature from 8° F. below present at the close of the Glacial period to 4° F. above the present in the older _Tapes_ beds. The littoral climate at this stage resembled that prevailing at present on the coast of northern England. After this, as the land approached its present level, the temperature fell again, and in the upper _Tapes_ stage was only 2° F. above the present. The warm period represented by the _Tapes_ beds is found at intervals along the west coast of Norway, and we again find evidence of a submergence of the land contemporary with the maximum temperature. These conditions extend even as far north as Tromsö, within the Arctic circle. In Spitzbergen there are raised beaches 30 to 80 feet above the sea, containing remains of molluscs and a species of _Fucus_, none of which are now living so far north. On the land there are old peat-bogs of great thickness, though peat-mosses cannot now grow, since the ground never thaws below a depth of 6-10 inches. It has been pointed out that a great number of the plants now living in Spitzbergen are unable to ripen their seeds under present climatic conditions, though they must have done so in the past. Ripe seeds of some species, in fact, have been found in the peat-bogs, which are contemporaneous with the raised beach. There is thus evidence of a very well-marked warm period associated with submergence in Spitsbergen. In Franz Josef Land, Nansen found raised beaches with mussels 10 to 20 feet above the present level; this shell does not now live so far north. In the White Sea and on the Murman coast there are also raised beaches with a southern fauna. The warm period shown in the beds of the New Siberian Islands has already been referred to (p. 79).