The evolution of general ideasRibot, Th. (Théodule)
Science
The evolution of general ideas
Ribot, Th. (Théodule)
Abstraction; Imagination
Before we embark on the study of the principal concepts, it is incumbent
upon us (in order to determine for each of these, separately, the
conditions of their genesis and development—as was shown for abstraction
in general) to throw as much light as possible upon the very vexed
question of the psychological nature of the concepts of pure symbolism,
where the word appears as the sole element that exists in consciousness.
Is it true that we can think effectually and usefully with words and
nothing but words, as has been sustained to satiety? Is not this
assertion founded upon the misapprehension of a factor which, although it
does not enter into consciousness, is none the less in active existence?
The investigation of this point is the prime object of the following
chapter.
It is unnecessary to enter in detail into the researches of the last
thirty years, as to the seat and the nature of images. Yet since these
have been the point of departure of the following inquiry, the results
may be briefly summarised.
It is generally admitted that the image occupies the same seat as the
percept of which it is a weak and incomplete residuum, i. e., in order
to produce itself in consciousness it demands the putting into activity
of certain definite portions of the cerebral centres. The energy of the
representative faculty does not merely vary from individual to individual
in a general manner: there are particular forms of imagination,
constituted by the very marked predominance of a certain group of
representations, visual, auditory, muscular, olfactory, gustatory.
Normal observation, and still more pathological documents, have thus
determined certain types. We may also (though this is mere hypothesis
and difficult to verify) admit a “mixed” or “indifferent” type, in which
the different species of sensations are represented by corresponding
images of equal clearness and vigor, without marked predominance of
any one group, whilst still maintaining their relative importance: e.
g., it is clear that in man the visual and olfactory images cannot be
equivalent in absolute importance. Excluding this indifferent type, we
have three principal “pure” types: visual, auditory, muscular or motor,
signifying a tendency to represent things in terms borrowed from vision,
from sound, or from movement. If we push the investigation further, we
find that these types again imply variations or sub-types. Thus there may
be a lively faculty for representation of complex visual forms (faces,
landscapes, monuments) along with a weak sense for graphic signs (printed
or written words) and so on.
The numerous works devoted to this subject, and too well known to be
insisted on here, lead us to this conclusion: that there is no general
faculty of imagination. This is a vague term which designates very
different individual variations; these last alone have any psychological
reality, and are alone important in cognising the mechanism of the
intellect.
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