The ruminants live in hordes composed of females and young, grouped around a male who protects them, but who expels his rivals and becomes a veritable chief of a band. Very various species compose familial societies in the same manner, and strongly resembling each other. When the Indian adult elephant renounces the solitary life which strong animals generally adopt, it is in order to found a little polygamous society, from which he expels all the males weaker than himself.[58] The moufflons of Europe and of the Atlas also form little societies of the same kind in the breeding season.[59] Among the walrus, says Brehm, the male, who is of very jealous temperament, collects around him from thirty to forty females, without counting young, making altogether a polygamous family sometimes amounting to a hundred and twenty individuals. The male of the Asiatic _antilope saiga_ is inordinately polygamous; he expels all his rivals, and forms a harem numbering sometimes a hundred females.[60] The polygamic _régime_ of animals is far from extinguishing affectionate sentiments in the females towards their husband and master. The females of the guanaco lamas, for example, are very faithful to their male. If the latter happens to be wounded or killed, instead of running away, they hasten to his side, bleating and offering themselves to the shots of the hunter in order to shield him, while, on the contrary, if a female is killed, the male makes off with all his troop; he only thinks of himself. In regard to mammals, there is no strict relation between the degree of intellectual development and the form of sexual union. The carnivorous animals often live in couples for the reason previously given; but this is not an absolute rule, for the South African lion is frequently accompanied by four or five females.[61] Bears, weasels, whales, etc., on the contrary, generally go in couples. Sometimes species that are very nearly allied have different conjugal customs; thus the white-cheeked peccary lives in troops, whilst the white-ringed peccary lives in couples.[62] There is the same diversity in the habits of monkeys. Some are polygamous and others monogamous. The wanderoo (_Macacus silenus_) of India has only one female, and is faithful to her until death.[63] The _Cebus capucinus_, on the contrary, is polygamous.[64] Those cousins-german of man, the anthropoid apes, have sometimes adopted polygamy and sometimes monogamy. Savage tells us that the _Gorilla gina_ forms small hordes, consisting of a single adult male, who is the despotic chief of many females and a certain number of young.