(3) To the supply of new forms of wealth, which are either (_a_) wholly non-material--_i.e._, intellectual, artistic, or other personal services; (_b_) partly non-material--_e.g._, works of art or skill, whose value consists chiefly in the embodiment of individual taste or spontaneous energy, or (_c_) too irregular or not sufficiently extended in demand to admit the application of machinery. The learned professions, art, science, and literature, and those branches of labour engaged in producing luxuries and luxurious services furnish a constantly increasing employment, though the supply of labour is so notoriously in excess of the demand in all such employments that a large percentage of unemployment is chronic. So long then as a community grows in numbers, so long as individuals desire to satisfy more fully their present wants and continue to develop new wants, forming a higher or more intricate standard of consumption, there is no evidence to justify the conclusion that machinery has the effect of causing a net diminution in demand for labour, though it tends to diminish the proportion of employment in the "manufacturing" industries; but there is strong reason to believe that it tends to make employment more unstable, more precarious of tenure, and more fluctuating in market value. FOOTNOTES: [174] Against this we may set the possibility of a fall in the rate of interest at which manufacturers may be able to borrow capital in order to set up improved machinery. Where an economy can be effected in this direction, the displacement of labour due to the introduction of machinery may not be so large--_i.e._, it will pay a manufacturer to introduce a new machine which only "saves" a small amount of money, if he can effect the change at a cheap rate of borrowing. (Cf. Marshall, _Principles of Economics_, 2nd edit., pp. 569, 570.) [175] Leone Levi, _Work and Pay_, p. 28. [176] Statement by Mr. Shaftoe, President of the Trades Union Congress, 1888; cf. Carroll D. Wright, _Report on Industrial Depressions_, Washington, 1886, pp. 80-90. [177] The merging of retail dealers with the "making" classes, the classification of merchants with those engaged in transport industries, and certain departures from precedent in the mode of classification, render a full use of the 1891 figures impossible at present. [178] In the years 1831-41 there was an enormous increase of the factory population. Between 1835 and 1839, according to Porter, the increase amounted to 68,263, or a rise of 19.2 per cent. (_Progress of the Nation_, p. 78.) [179] T. Ellison, _Cotton Trade of Great Britain_, p. 74. [180] Only 349,452, or 56.8 per cent. in factories. (Porter, p. 78.) [181] This increase since 1881 is chiefly explained by the feverish expansion and over-production of the cotton industry. The census return for 1891 is reduced to correspond with the earlier estimates in Booth's _Occupations of the People_.