The evolution of scientific thought from Newton to EinsteinD'Abro, A. (Aram)
Science
The evolution of scientific thought from Newton to Einstein
D'Abro, A. (Aram)
Relativity (Physics); Science -- Methodology
A few precise illustrations will make this point clearer. Consider a
hollow chest pulled by some unseen hand through interstellar space
far from matter. If we suppose that the chest is rising vertically
with constant acceleration, we know that as a result of this constant
acceleration a uniform field of inertial force will be present in
the interior of the chest. The postulate of equivalence consists in
asserting that the observer in the interior of the chest might with
equal justification consider the chest to be unaccelerated or at rest
in space, while the field of force he perceives would be assimilated
to a field of gravitation. All that it is meant here to imply is that
the physical nature of fields of gravity and of inertia is one and the
same. It is not meant to imply that any actual distribution
of matter could ever produce a perfectly uniform field of force in
the chest’s interior such as existed under the influence of constant
acceleration. We know, indeed, that a distribution of matter under the
chest would produce a somewhat similar field of force, but the field
would be non-uniform, the magnitude of the force being smaller at the
top than at the base of the chest. Thus, although the physical nature
of both types of fields would be the same, the precise distribution of
these fields through space would be different.
These, at least, are the conclusions by which we must abide at the
present stage of the theory. We shall see that when we come to consider
the universe as a whole, there may be grounds for modifying our
opinions. But at the present stage of the discussion we must admit that
fields of force produced by matter can never be distributed in exactly
the same way as fields produced by acceleration, and vice versa.
Another example is afforded by the field of force generated on a
rotating disk. This field of force can be split up for purposes of
analysis into two separate fields: a centrifugal field constituted
by forces directed away from the centre of the disk, and a Coriolis
field pulling bodies sideways as they approach or move away from the
centre. Now, no distribution of matter around the disk can be conceived
of at this stage which would produce a field of gravitation on the
disk distributed in exactly the same way as this field of inertia.
Nevertheless, the inertial field on the disk can be called a field of
gravitation for the reasons previously set forth in this chapter.
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