[Footnote 244: Aristotle, _Politics_, ii, c. 9. On Aristotle's unhesitating assumption (ii, 10) as to the normality and the effects of pæderasty, cp. the refutation of Müller, _Dorians_, Eng. tr. b. iv, c. 4, §§ 6-8; and as to the real causes of decline of population, see b. iii, c. 10, § 2. Primogeniture was a main factor. As the propertied class, of whom Aristotle speaks, became small through accumulations, which often went to heiresses, the whole statistic as to births is narrow and dubious. But it is safe to decide that the decline of the pure Spartan population was not a result of vice, any more than the normal dwindling of the numbers of modern aristocracies. It should be remembered that younger sons would be likely to have illegitimate offspring among the helots, if not among the _perioikoi_. The selfish aristocracy thus wrought for its own class extinction.] [Footnote 245: Plutarch, _Solon_, c. 22.] [Footnote 246: See refs. in Fustel de Coulanges, _La cité antique_, 1. iii, ch. xviii, p. 265.] [Footnote 247: Aristotle, _Politics_, ii, 6.] [Footnote 248: Cp. the _Republic_, v, and the _Laws_ (bks. v, xi; Jowett's tr. 3rd ed. v, pp. 122, 313) with the _Politics_, vii, 16.] [Footnote 249: _Fr. Vat._ xxxvii, 9.] [Footnote 250: Cp. Hume, essay cited, as to the slight effect of the exposure check in China.] [Footnote 251: Above, p. 101.] [Footnote 252: Aristotle, _Politics_, ii, 9; Plutarch, _Agis_, c. 7.] [Footnote 253: Athenæus, citing Phylarchus, iv, 20.] [Footnote 254: Grote, x, 402; Mahaffy, _Greek Life and Thought_, p. 457; _Greek World under Roman Sway_, p. 237; M'Culloch, _Treatises and Essays_, ed. 1859, pp. 276-78.] [Footnote 255: Mahaffy, _Greek Life and Thought_, p. 452.] [Footnote 256: M'Culloch, as cited, p. 275.] [Footnote 257: Thucydides, i, 93.] [Footnote 258: Grote, iv, 341, 342.] [Footnote 259: Citations in Boeckh, bk. i, ch. 12.] [Footnote 260: Boeckh, bk. i, ch. 12. Cp. De Pauw, _Recherches philosophiques sur les Grecs_, 1787, i, 55-60.] [Footnote 261: See E. Ardaillon, _Les mines du Laurion dans l'antiquité_, 1897, ch. v.] [Footnote 262: The mines of Laurium, though anciently worked by the "Pelasgi," do not figure in Athenian history till the beginning of the fifth century B.C. Ardaillon, pp. 126-27.] [Footnote 263: As to the enormous cost in labour and money of such buildings as the Propylæa and the Parthenon, cp. Mahaffy, _Survey of Greek Civilisation_, p. 143, and M'Cullagh, _Industrial History of the Free Nations_, 1846, i, 166, 167.]