[Footnote 264: "Before the Persian war Athens had contributed less than many other cities, her inferiors in magnitude and in political importance, to the intellectual progress of Greece. She had produced no artists to be compared with those of Argos, Corinth, Sicyon, Ægina, Laconia, and of many cities both in the eastern and western colonies. She could boast of no poets so celebrated as those of the Ionian and Æolian Schools. But ... in the period between the Persian and the Peloponnesian wars both literature and the fine arts began to tend towards Athens as their most favoured seat" (Thirlwall, vol. iii, ch. xviii, pp. 70, 71). "Never before or since has life developed so richly" (Abbott, ii, 415). Cp. Holm, Eng. tr. ii, 156, 157.] [Footnote 265: This view appears to be substantially at one with the reasoning of Dr. Cunningham (_Western Civilisation_, pp. 112-23). I must dissent, however, from his apparent position (pp. 119-21) that it was the _mode_ of the expenditure that was wrong, and that Athens might have employed her ill-gotten capital "productively" in the modern economic sense. The cases of Miletus and Tyre, cited by him, seem to be beside the argument.] [Footnote 266: Plutarch, _Pericles_, c. 11.] [Footnote 267: Cp. Thirlwall, small ed. iii, 67.] [Footnote 268: _On the Revenues._] [Footnote 269: As cited, bk. iv, ch. xxi.] [Footnote 270: Boeckh's arguments, denounced by Lewis, need not be adhered to; but the whole theorem is so fantastic that Lewis's general vindication of it is puzzling (Trans. pref. xv, _note_).] [Footnote 271: See Hertzberg, _Geschichte Griechenlands unter der Herrschaft der Römer_, Theil ii, Kap. 2, p. 200, as to the vast estates now acquired by a few.] [Footnote 272: In Magna Graecia, in particular, the whole Pythagorean movement had such associations in a high degree. Note the frequency of names beginning anax (= king or chief) in the history of early Greek philosophy.] [Footnote 273: Mahaffy, _Greek Life and Thought_, p. 136.] [Footnote 274: _Idem_, pp. 145-49; Gibbon, Bohn ed. iv, 352.] [Footnote 275: _E.g._, the whole population of Corinth; and 150,000 inhabitants of Epirus.] [Footnote 276: Cp. Finlay, i, 23.] [Footnote 277: They exacted from Macedonia only half the tribute it had paid to its kings; but there is a strong presumption that it was too impoverished after the war to pay more.] [Footnote 278: "The extraordinary payments levied on the provinces soon equalled, and sometimes exceeded, the regular taxes" (Finlay, i, 39). Cp. Mahaffy, _Greek World under Roman Sway_, pp. 145, 156, 159, 161, 162.] [Footnote 279: Cp. Hertzberg, _Gesch. Griechenlands unter der Herrsch. der Römer_, Th. i, Kap. 5, pp. 486-91.] [Footnote 280: Finlay, i, 45, 46, 74.] [Footnote 281: "We stand [1st c. A.C.] before a decayed society of very rich men and slaves" (Mahaffy, _Greek World_, p. 268).] [Footnote 282: Finlay, i, 73. But cp. Frazer, _Pausanias_, 1900, p. 4, as to the decay in the second century.]