[Footnote 353: Mahaffy, _Problems of Greek History_, p. 85; _Survey of Greek Civilisation_, pp. 87, 99, 117; _Social Life in Greece_, 3rd ed. pp. 83, 137, 440. Cp. the remark of Thirlwall, ch. xii (1st ed. ii, 125), that the tyrants "were the natural patrons of the lyrical poets, who cheered their banquets, extolled their success," etc.] [Footnote 354: Holm on this head makes an admission (iii, 168) which countervails the remark last above cited from him. Noting the prosperity of art in Asiatic Greece, he writes: "Art as a rule flourishes--we do not say, reaches its highest point, _for that is impossible without freedom_--where wealth is to be found combined with good taste. And good taste is a gift which even tyrants may possess, and semi-barbarians acquire."] [Footnote 355: Professor Spalding, _Italy and the Italian Islands_, i, 117, 118.] [Footnote 356: K.O. Müller, _History of Greek Literature_, 1847, pp. 208, 210.] [Footnote 357: Schömann, _Griechische Alterthümer_, ii, 362.] [Footnote 358: The questions of the previous expansion under Richelieu and Mazarin, and of the decay in the latter part of Louis's reign, are discussed, _àpropos_ of the _laissez-faire_ argument of Buckle, in the author's _Buckle and his Critics_, pp. 324-39.] [Footnote 359: An interesting corroboration of the above general view was presented in an article on the state of German art in the _Century Magazine_ for July, 1898. The writer thus described the position of German art under the Kaiser's patronage: "Moved by the best of intentions, the Emperor is not very successful in his efforts to encourage art. They smack too much of personal tastes and one-man power. Menzel is perhaps a favourite, not because of his great Meissonnier-like skill in illustrations, but because he is the draftsman and painter of the period of Frederick the Great. The Emperor is really honouring his own line rather than the artist when he covers him with rewards.... It is not by making sketches for the Knackfusses to carry out that the Emperor will raise art in Prussia from its present stagnation, but by allowing the dangerous breath of liberty to blow through the art world. The fine arts are under the drill-sergeant, and produce recruits who have everything except art in them. It is too much to say that this is the Emperor's fault; but it is true that so long as he insists upon running things artistic, no one else can, or will--and the artists themselves least of all."] [Footnote 360: Cp. Mill, _Liberty_, ch. iii, People's ed. p. 38.] [Footnote 361: Cp. J.S. Mill's analysis of "benevolent despotism" in ch. iii of his _Representative Government_.]