[Footnote 343: Macaulay, in his youthful review of Mitford (_Miscellaneous Writings_, ed. 1868, p. 74), draws up a long indictment against the Spartans in the matter of bad faith and meanness. It is only fair to remember that some similar charges can be laid against others of the Greek States.] [Footnote 344: Grote, ii, 204. But cp. Aristotle (_Politics_, ii, 9) and Plutarch (_Lycurgus_, c. 27), who agrees with the saying of Plato and others (cp. Müller, _Dorians_, Eng. tr. ii, 43, _note_) that in Sparta a free man was most a freeman, and a slave most a slave. And see Schömann, _Alterthümer_, i, 362. Hume (_On Populousness_) cites Xenophon, Demosthenes, and Plautus as proving that slaves were exceptionally well treated at Athens, and this is borne out by the Athenian comedy in general (cp. Maisch, _Greek Antiquities_, Eng. tr. § 32). But the fact remains that at Athens slaves, male and female, were frequently tortured to make them give evidence against their masters, who in turn were free to kill them for doing so (Mahaffy, _Social Life in Greece_, pp. 240-41). And Aristotle takes for granted that they were substantially inferior in character to freemen.] [Footnote 345: Cp. Finlay, _History of Greece_, Tozer's ed. i, 15; Mahaffy, _Greek Life and Thought_, pp. 4, 105.] [Footnote 346: Fifth century B.C.] [Footnote 347: Holm (Eng. tr. iv, 595-98) misses half the problem when he argues that the Greek cities under the Romans were nearly as free and self-governing as are to-day those of Switzerland, the United States, or the German Empire. The last-named may perhaps approximate at some points; but in the other cases the moral difference is inexpressible. The Greek cities under the Romans were _provincialised_, and their inhabitants deprived of the powers of _State_ government which they formerly possessed. Their whole outlook on life was changed.] [Footnote 348: Cp. Finlay, i, 76.] [Footnote 349: In artistic handicraft, of course, such daily renewal of creative intelligent effort is of great importance to mental health; and the complete lack of it, as in the conventional sculpture of Egypt, tells of utter intellectual stagnation. In the least artistic crafts, however, it is not so essential a condition of sound work.] [Footnote 350: Cp. Mahaffy, _Greek Life and Thought_, pp. 4, 10, 15, 131-38, 144.] [Footnote 351: The change was not so immediately dependent on the Alexandrian régime as Droysen implies (_Geschichte Alexanders des Grossen_, 3te Aufl. p. 367): the New Comedy had been led up to by the Middle Comedy, which already tended to withdraw from burning questions (cp. K.O. Müller, _Lit. of Ancient Greece_, Eng. tr. pp. 436-41); but the movement was clearly hastened.] [Footnote 352: Cp. Mackintosh, _On the Progress of Ethical Philosophy_, 4th ed. p. 29; Lecky, _History of European Morals_, 6th ed. i, 128.]