CHAP. I.--ROMAN ECONOMIC EVOLUTION 75 II.--GREEK ECONOMIC EVOLUTION 98 PART III. CULTURE FORCES IN ANTIQUITY CHAP. I.--GREECE 121 II.--THE SARACENS 146 III.--ROME 158 EPILOGUE--A GENERAL VIEW OF DECADENCE 170 PART IV. THE CASE OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLICS NOTE ON LITERATURE 181 CHAP. I.--THE BEGINNINGS 183 II.--THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL EVOLUTION 209 III.--THE POLITICAL COLLAPSE 233 PART V. THE FORTUNES OF THE LESSER EUROPEAN STATES CHAP. I.--IDEAS OF NATIONALITY AND NATIONAL GREATNESS 257 II.--THE SCANDINAVIAN PEOPLES 264 III.--THE HANSA 286 IV.--HOLLAND 291 § 1. The Rise of the Netherlands 293 § 2. The Revolt against Spain 301 § 3. The Supremacy of Dutch Commerce 310 § 4. Home and Foreign Policy 318 § 5. The Decline of Commercial Supremacy 321 § 6. The Culture Evolution 325 § 7. The Modern Situation 328 V.--SWITZERLAND 331 § 1. The Beginnings of Union 332 § 2. The Socio-Political Evolution 338 § 3. The Modern Renaissance 347 VI.--PORTUGAL 355 § 1. The Rise and Fall of Portuguese Empire 355 § 2. The Colonisation of Brazil 361 PART VI. ENGLISH HISTORY TILL THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD CHAP. I.--BEFORE THE GREAT REBELLION 369 II.--THE REBELLION AND THE COMMONWEALTH 414 III.--FROM THE RESTORATION TO ANNE 436 IV.--INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION 458 CONCLUSION 468 INDEX 473 PREFACE