[Footnote 504: Butler, _The Communes of Lombardy_, p. 45.] [Footnote 505: Sismondi, _Fall_, i, 259. The historian decides that "the race of the conquerors took root and throve in the soil, without _entirely_ superseding that of the conquered natives, _whose language still prevailed_," but gives no proofs for the first proposition. The uncritical handling of these questions in the histories leaves essential problems still unsolved. Cp. Hodgkin, _Italy and her Invaders_, 2nd ed. vi (bk. vii), 579-93; vii (bk. viii), 384, 385. Mr. Boulting does not try to solve the problem.] [Footnote 506: This is again Sismondi's generalisation (_Histoire des républiques italiennes_, ed. 1826, i, 21; _Short History_, p. 14; Boulting-Sismondi, p. 60). He has been followed by Procter (Perceval's _History of Italy_, 1825, 2nd ed. 1844, p. 9); by Dunham (_Europe in the Middle Ages_, i, 23); by Symonds (_Renaissance in Italy_, 2nd ed. i, 48); and by Prof. W.F. Butler (_The Communes of Lombardy_, p. 46). It is noteworthy that at the same period Henry the Fowler encouraged free cities in Germany for the same reason.] [Footnote 507: Butler, pp. 40-43; Boulting-Sismondi, pp. 23-27.] [Footnote 508: _Note by Leo._--"Except in the cities acquired latest, and by capitulation from the Romans"--_i.e._ the Greek Empire.] [Footnote 509: Guizot, _Essais_, pp. 199-201; Stubbs, i, 277. Cp. refs. in Buckle, author's ed. p. 348-49.] [Footnote 510: _Europe during the Middle Ages_, ch. ii, pt. ii, _end_. Compare Hodgkin on "the Feudal Anarchy which history has called, with unintended irony, the Feudal System," and on the fashion in which, in the capitularies of Charlemagne, "we have imperial sanction given to that most anti-social of all feudal practices, the levying of private war" (_Italy and her Invaders_, viii, 301-2).] [Footnote 511: _Short History_, p. 15. "The liberated agricultural classes multiplied rapidly, and brought vast tracts of abandoned soil under cultivation" (Boulting, p. 27). It probably needed such an expansion, we may note, to make possible the Crusades.] [Footnote 512: Sismondi finally decides that in the tenth century feudalism had induced in the main rather a dissolution than an organisation of society (_Républiques_, i, 85-91). Cp. Guizot, _History de la civ. en France_, as cited, iii, 103, 272-75, iv, 77-79; _Essais_, v; and Boulting, p. 17.] [Footnote 513: Cp. Sismondi, _Républiques_, i, 105-14.] [Footnote 514: See Neander, _Church History_, Eng. tr., vii, 128 _sq._ and Milman, _Hist. Latin Christ._, lv, 61 _sq._, as to Hildebrandt's efforts to win public opinion to his side against clerical marriage, and the resulting growth of private judgment.] [Footnote 515: "Die Abtheilung in Zünfte und die daran sich anknüpfende Markt-polizei mögen die einzigen Institute aus römischer Zeit sein, die sich auch unter den Longobarden erhielten" (Leo, i, 85; cp. p. 335). Cp. Villari, _Two First Centuries_, Eng. trans, pp. 95-99.]