[Footnote 516: Leo decides (i, 335) that in Ravenna between 1031 and 1115 there appear "gar keine Stadtconsuln in Urkunden, aber wohl Leute, die sich _ex genere consulum_ nennen." Cp. Boulting-Sismondi, p. 58.] [Footnote 517: As the general governor elected by the Venetians to stay their dissensions (697) bore the title of doge or duke, which was that borne by the Greek governors of Italian provinces, the influence of imperial example must be admitted, especially as Venice continued to profess allegiance to the Greek empire. The cities of Naples, Gaeta, and Amalfi, again, while connected only nominally and commercially with Byzantium, gave the title of doge to their first magistrate likewise (Sismondi, _Short History_, pp. 25, 26).] [Footnote 518: Nys. _Researches in the History of Economics_, Eng. trans. 1899, p. 61.] [Footnote 519: _Id._ p. 59.] [Footnote 520: Cp. Pignotti, _Hist. of Tuscany_, Eng. trans. 1823, iii, 256; Hallam, _Middle Ages_, 11th ed. iii, 328, 332. It is clear that the polarity of the magnet was known long before the practical use of it in the compass.] [Footnote 521: Hallam, iii, 441; Pignotti, iii, 256-58.] [Footnote 522: Sismondi, _Républiques_, i, 384, 385.] [Footnote 523: Pignotti, iii, 262-64; Dante, _Paradiso_, xv, 116.] [Footnote 524: Pignotti, iii, 265.] [Footnote 525: "The citizens (900-1200) allowed themselves no other use of their riches than that of defending or embellishing their country" (Sismondi, _Short History_, p. 23).] [Footnote 526: Butler, _The Communes of Lombardy_, pp. 58-70.] [Footnote 527: _Id._ p. 71.] [Footnote 528: _Id._ P.55.] [Footnote 529: Leo, as cited, i, 417.] [Footnote 530: Villari, _Two First Centuries_, p. 74 _sq._] [Footnote 531: _Id._ p. 79.] [Footnote 532: _Id._ pp. 84-92.] [Footnote 533: _Id._ p. 91.] [Footnote 534: _Id._ p. 142.] [Footnote 535: _Id._ pp. 143, 148, 151, 153.] [Footnote 536: _Id._ pp. 119, 121.] [Footnote 537: Villari, _Two First Centuries_, pp. 158-72.] [Footnote 538: _Id._ p. 173.] [Footnote 539: Sismondi, _Short History_, p. 77.] [Footnote 540: _Id._ p. 82.] Chapter II THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL EVOLUTION § 1