[Footnote 552: As to the attitude and influence of Gregory the Great see Hallam, _Literature of Europe_, as cited, i, 4, 21, 22; and Gregorovius, B. iii, cap. iii, § 2 (ii, 88). As to the reforms of Gregory VII in the tenth century, see also Gregorovius, B. vii, cap. vii, § 5 (iv, 288). See the latter writer again, B. vii, cap. vi (iv, 242-46), and Guizot, _Civilisation en Europe_, leçon vi, ed. 1844, pp. 159-60, as to the effect of Hildebrandt's policy in dividing the Church.] [Footnote 553: Cp. Boulting-Sismondi, p. 9; Muratori, _Dissert._ xv, cited by Lecky, _Hist. of European Morals_, ii, 71; Milman, as last cited, ii, 51.] [Footnote 554: We know further from Salvian, as noted above, p. 119, that the Christians of Gaul treated their slaves as badly as the pagans had ever done (_De gubernatione Dei_, l. iv). As to the whole subject, see the valuable researches of Larroque, _De l'esclavage chez les nations chrétiennes_, 2e éd. 1864, and Biot, _De l'abolition de l'esclavage ancien en Occident_, 1840.] [Footnote 555: Lea, _Hist. Sketch of Sacerdotal Celibacy_, 2nd ed. pp. 242-43.] [Footnote 556: Cp. Sismondi, as before cited, and Testa, as cited, p. 92. Testa's book, like so many other modern Italian treatises, is written with the garrulity of the Middle Ages, but embodies a good deal of research. The pietistic passage on p. 93 is contradicted by that on p. 92.] [Footnote 557: Hardwick, _Church History: Middle Age_, 1853, p. 58 and refs. Manumission was the legal preliminary to ordination; but it was often set aside, with the object of having the serf-priest more subject to discipline. Cp. Tytler, _Hist. of Scotland_, ed. 1869, ii, 255, as to bondmen-clerks in Scotland in the thirteenth century.] [Footnote 558: As in the war of cities against nobles under Conrad the Salic. See above, p. 203.] [Footnote 559: _Wealth of Nations_, bk. iii, ch. 2.] [Footnote 560: Cp. Butler, pp. 224, 229.] [Footnote 561: As to these see Testa, p. 56. Compare the accounts of the later bloodless battles of the _condottieri_, which were thus not without Italian precedent. Between 1013 and 1105 Pavia and Milan had six wars. Butler, _The Communes of Lombardy_, p. 58.] [Footnote 562: Cp. Heeren, _Essai sur l'influence des Croisades_, Villers' tr. 1808, p. 101; Bryce, _Holy Roman Empire_, 8th ed. pp. 199, 211, 213, 223; Stubbs, _Germany in the Middle Ages_, 1908, pp. 105, 197.] [Footnote 563: _Memoirs of Fra Salimbene_, tr. by T.K. L. Oliphant, in same vol. with _The Duke and the Scholar_, 1875, p. 120.] [Footnote 564: Butler, p. 98.] [Footnote 565: _Id._ p. 314.] [Footnote 566: Wealth-accumulation first took the form of land-owning. At the beginning of the twelfth century the Florentine territory was merely civic; at the end it was about forty miles in diameter. (Trollope, _History of the Commonwealth of Florence_, 1865, i, 85.) The figure given for the beginning, six miles, is legendary and incredible. See Villari, _Two First Centuries_, pp. 71-72.]