Roumania, geographically adjacent to Russia, was prior to its participation in the great war, producing about 11,000,000 barrels, or approximately 1,600,000 tons, of crude petroleum annually. The beginnings of her industry, already alluded to, were based on hand dug wells, three feet square and walled with horizontal oak planks, into which workmen would descend and bring up the oil in wooden buckets or bags of leather. Here, too, the oil area is comparatively small, and it was not until twenty years ago that mechanical equipment designed on the American model was introduced by foreign capitalists. Men trained in the oil-fields of this continent found employment there, although, when at the end of 1916 the exigencies of war compelled the Allies to adopt the policy of destroying the Roumanian wells, in order that the Central Empires should not obtain much needed supplies of oil, it was by English instructions and officers that the melancholy task was accomplished. Roumania has a great petroleum storage port at Constanza, fed by a trunk pipe-line of American model connecting it with the oil-fields. Galicia or Austrian Poland, as it was once called, lies in the same geographical zone as Roumania, and possesses an oil area 200 miles in length and varying from 40 to 60 miles in width, although 90% of its production comes from the Boryslaw field. This field, which was the chief source of supply for the Central Empires during the war, necessarily suffered much in the conflict but ten years ago was producing about 1,900,000 tons of crude annually. It is now on the way to restoration. The development of the Galician industry on a large scale was directly due to the introduction of modern drilling methods in 1882. The petroleum wealth of that country lies very deep and wells of a depth of 4,000 feet are common. Though the chief customer of the Galician fields for a considerable period, Germany also made efforts at developing a petroleum industry of her own, but, as in the case of Italy, her oil-fields, though not entirely negligible, do not bulk large in the statistics. It is clear that Europe not only owes much to American ideas for her native developments but is also dependent on other continents and to sea-borne cargoes of oil for supplies adequate to her needs. This is particularly true of Great Britain and France, whose statesmen have emphatically expressed their gratitude for the indispensable aid in the prosecution of the war provided by the leaders of the American oil industry, who organized a steady supply on an enormous scale.