[Footnote 11: The ghost was not supposed to be capable of devouring the gross material substance of the offering; but his vaporous body appropriated the smoke of the burnt sacrifice, the visible and odorous exhalations of other offerings. The blood of the victim was particularly useful because it was thought to be the special seat of its soul or life. A West African negro replied to an European sceptic: "Of course, the spirit cannot eat corporeal food, but he extracts its spiritual part, and, as we see, leaves the material part behind" (Lippert, _Seelencult,_ p. 16).] [Footnote 12: It is further well worth consideration whether indications of former ancestor-worship are not to be found in the singular weight attached to the veneration of parents in the fourth commandment. It is the only positive commandment, in addition to those respecting the Deity and that concerning the Sabbath, and the penalties for infringing it were of the same character. In China, a corresponding reverence for parents is part and parcel of ancestor-worship; so in ancient Rome and in Greece (where parents were even called [secondary and earthly]). The fifth commandment, as it stands, would be an excellent compromise between ancestor-worship and monotheism. The larger hereditary share allotted by Israelitic law to the eldest son reminds one of the privileges attached to primogeniture in ancient Rome, which were closely connected with ancestor-worship. There is a good deal to be said in favour of the speculation that the ark of the covenant may have been a relic of ancestor-worship; but that topic is too large to be dealt with incidentally in this place] [Footnote 13: "The Scientific Aspects of Positivism," _Fortnightly Review,_ 1869, republished in _Lay Sermons._] [Footnote 14: OEuvres de Bossuet, ed. 1808, t. xxxv. p. 282.] [Footnote 15: I should like further to add the expression of my indebtedness to two works by Herr Julius Lippert, _Der Seelencult in seinen Beziehungen zur alt-hebraischen Religion_ and _Die Religionen der europaischen Culturvolker,_ both pubished in 1881. I have found them full of valuable suggestions.] [Footnote 16: See among others the remarkable work of Fustel de Coulanges, _La Cite antique,_ in which the social importance of the old Roman ancestor-worship is brought out with great clearness.] [Footnote 17: Supposed to be "the finer or more aeriform part of the body," standing in "the same relation to the body as the perfume and the more essential qualities of a flower do to the more solid substances" (Mariner, vol. ii. p. 127).] [Footnote 18: A kind of "clients" in the Roman sense.] [Footnote 19: It is worthy of remark that [Greek] among the Greeks, and _Deus_ among the Romans, had the same wide signification. The _dii manes_ were ghosts of ancestors=Atuas of the family.] [Footnote 20: _Voyages aux iles du Grand Ocean,_ t. i. p. 482.] [Footnote 21: _Te Ika a Maui: New Zealand and its Inhabitants,_ p. 72.]