Finally, Pastor Slevogt has collected much evidence to show that our indigenous butterflies have a great deal to suffer in the way of persecution from birds. And in regard to tropical countries, the chase of butterflies by insectivorous birds has long been known. Thus Pöppig says that in the primitive forests one can easily recognize the place which has been selected by one of the Jacamars (Galbulidæ) as its favourite resting-place, for the wings of the largest and most beautiful butterflies, whose bodies alone are eaten, lie on the ground in a circle for a distance of several paces. We owe direct observations on the hunting of insects by birds of the primitive forest especially to Dr. Hahnel, who found many opportunities for observation in the course of his enthusiastic collecting journeys in Central and South America. He writes: 'No other family of butterflies suffered so much from birds as the Pieridæ (Whites), and these freebooters often snapped away the prettiest and freshest specimens from quite close to me. Every time I was amazed anew at the unfailing security of their flight, and I gladly paid for the spectacle by the loss of a few specimens.' Of the pursuit of one of the large _Caligo_ species, whose leaf-like under surface, marked with eye-spots, I have already described, (Fig. 6, p. 70), he says: 'With incredible skill this fairly large insect avoided every blow of the bill of the bird which followed it in close chase, and saved itself by flying from one shrub to another, till at last it was lost to sight in the thickest tangle of branches, and the exhausted bird gave up further attempts at pursuit.' But, in addition to the birds, the butterflies of the primitive forest have to dread the persecution of other insects, especially of the large predaceous dragon-flies, which throw themselves upon them in the midst of their flight. Hahnel often saw a specimen of the large, beautiful, blue _Morpho cisseis_, which was fluttering peacefully about the crown of a tree, suddenly shoot head downwards, 'like an ox with horns lowered, and then reascended apparently with difficulty, after it had torn itself free from its sudden assailant, whose jaws left distinct short scars.'